Binding RadGridView to Entity Framework Using Code First Approach

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AUTHOR: Hristo Merdjanov

DATE POSTED: October 30, 2015

Problem

Entity Framework`s Database First approach provides very little control over the models used in the application. It automatically generates a lot of files which should not be altered and at times versioning of the database becomes very difficult.

Solution

The Code First approach, on the other hand, delivers exactly the opposite. That is why, especially in recent times and for new projects, the developer community chooses this way to interact with SQL Server. Another great advantage is that the database can be entirely managed by the application. Changes in the models are also automatically reflected by the ORM engine at the end migrated to the database itself.

We are going to take this example project even further by implementing Repository Pattern and Unit of Work. Our implementation consists of three projects each defining a separate layer of the application.

  • RadGridViewEFCodeFirst.Models – responsible for the business objects
  • RadGridViewEFCodeFirst.Data – data layer for connecting to SQL Server
  • RadGridViewEFCodeFirst.WinFormsClient – client demo application

Our RadGridView control will be setup in hierarchy and the screenshot below shows the result at the end:radgridview-ef-code-first

  1. In our Models project, let`s first define several business objects:

    [C#]

    public class OrderType
    {
        private ICollection<Order> orders;
        private ICollection<Shipper> shippers;
     
        public OrderType()
        {
            this.orders = new HashSet<Order>();
            this.shippers = new HashSet<Shipper>();
        }
     
        public int OrderTypeId { get; set; }
     
        public virtual ICollection<Order> Orders
        {
            get
            {
                return this.orders;
            }
            set
            {
                this.orders = value;
            }
        }
     
        public virtual ICollection<Shipper> Shippers
        {
            get
            {
                return this.shippers;
            }
            set
            {
                this.shippers = value;
            }
        }
     
        public string  Description { get; set; }
    }

    [VB]

    Public Class OrderType
        Private m_orders As ICollection(Of Order)
        Private m_shippers As ICollection(Of Shipper)
     
        Public Sub New()
            Me.m_orders = New HashSet(Of Order)()
            Me.m_shippers = New HashSet(Of Shipper)()
        End Sub
     
        Public Property OrderTypeId() As Integer
            Get
                Return m_OrderTypeId
            End Get
            Set(value As Integer)
                m_OrderTypeId = Value
            End Set
        End Property
        Private m_OrderTypeId As Integer
     
        Public Overridable Property Orders() As ICollection(Of Order)
            Get
                Return Me.m_orders
            End Get
            Set(value As ICollection(Of Order))
                Me.m_orders = value
            End Set
        End Property
     
        Public Overridable Property Shippers() As ICollection(Of Shipper)
            Get
                Return Me.m_shippers
            End Get
            Set(value As ICollection(Of Shipper))
                Me.m_shippers = value
            End Set
        End Property
     
        Public Property Description() As String
            Get
                Return m_Description
            End Get
            Set(value As String)
                m_Description = Value
            End Set
        End Property
        Private m_Description As String
    End Class

    [C#]

    public class Order
    {
        public int OrderId { get; set; }
     
        public int OrderTypeId { get; set; }
     
        public virtual OrderType OrderType { get; set; }
     
        public string Description  { get; set; }
     
        public bool IsFinished { get; set; }
    }

    [VB]

    Public Class Order
        Public Property OrderId() As Integer
            Get
                Return m_OrderId
            End Get
            Set(value As Integer)
                m_OrderId = Value
            End Set
        End Property
        Private m_OrderId As Integer
     
        Public Property OrderTypeId() As Integer
            Get
                Return m_OrderTypeId
            End Get
            Set(value As Integer)
                m_OrderTypeId = Value
            End Set
        End Property
        Private m_OrderTypeId As Integer
     
        Public Overridable Property OrderType() As OrderType
            Get
                Return m_OrderType
            End Get
            Set(value As OrderType)
                m_OrderType = Value
            End Set
        End Property
        Private m_OrderType As OrderType
     
        Public Property Description() As String
            Get
                Return m_Description
            End Get
            Set(value As String)​
                m_Description = Value
            End Set
        End Property
        Private m_Description As String
     
        Public Property IsFinished() As Boolean
            Get
                Return m_IsFinished
            End Get
            Set(value As Boolean)
                m_IsFinished = Value
            End Set
        End Property
        Private m_IsFinished As Boolean
    End Class

    [C#]

    public class Shipper
    {
        public int ShipperId { get; set; }
     
        public int OrderTypeId { get; set; }
     
        public virtual OrderType OrderType { get; set; }
     
        public string Name { get; set; }
     
        public string Address { get; set; }
    }

    [VB]

    Public Class Shipper
        Public Property ShipperId() As Integer
            Get
                Return m_ShipperId
            End Get
            Set(value As Integer)
                m_ShipperId = Value
            End Set
        End Property
        Private m_ShipperId As Integer
     
        Public Property OrderTypeId() As Integer
            Get
                Return m_OrderTypeId
            End Get
            Set(value As Integer)
                m_OrderTypeId = Value
            End Set
        End Property
        Private m_OrderTypeId As Integer
     
        Public Overridable Property OrderType() As OrderType
            Get
                Return m_OrderType
            End Get
            Set(value As OrderType)
                m_OrderType = Value
            End Set
        End Property
        Private m_OrderType As OrderType
     
        Public Property Name() As String
            Get
                Return m_Name
            End Get
            Set(value As String)
                m_Name = Value
            End Set
        End Property
        Private m_Name As String
     
        Public Property Address() As String
            Get
                Return m_Address
            End Get
            Set(value As String)
                m_Address = Value
            End Set
        End Property
        Private m_Address As String
    End Class

  2. Now, in our Data project we have to define the interfaces needed by the Repository Pattern and define the common functionality:

    [C#]

    public interface IGenericRepository<T> where T : class
    {
        IQueryable<T> All();
     
        IQueryable<T> SearchFor(Expression<Func<T, bool>> conditions);
     
        void Add(T entity);
     
        void Update(T entity);
     
        void Delete(T entity);
     
        void Detach(T entity);
    }

    [VB]

    Public Interface IGenericRepository(Of T As Class)
        Function All() As IQueryable(Of T)
     
        Function SearchFor(conditions As Expression(Of Func(Of T, Boolean))) As IQueryable(Of T)
     
        Sub Add(entity As T)
     
        Sub Update(entity As T)
     
        Sub Delete(entity As T)
     
        Sub Detach(entity As T)
    End Interface

    [C#]

    public interface IRadGridViewEFCodeFirstContext
    {
        IDbSet<Order> Orders { get; set; }
     
        IDbSet<OrderType> OrderTypes { get; set; }
     
        IDbSet<Shipper> Shippers { get; set; }
     
        IDbSet<T> Set<T>() where T : class;
     
        DbEntityEntry<T> Entry<T>(T entity) where T : class;
     
        void SaveChanges();
    }

    [VB]

    Public Interface IRadGridViewEFCodeFirstContext
        Property Orders() As IDbSet(Of Order)
     
        Property OrderTypes() As IDbSet(Of OrderType)
     
        Property Shippers() As IDbSet(Of Shipper)
     
        Function [Set](Of T As Class)() As IDbSet(Of T)
     
        Function Entry(Of T As Class)(entity As T) As DbEntityEntry(Of T)
     
        Sub SaveChanges()
    End Interface

    [C#]

    public interface IRadGridViewEFCodeFirstData
    {
        IGenericRepository<Order> Orders { get; }
     
        IGenericRepository<OrderType> OrderTypes { get; }
     
        IGenericRepository<Shipper> Shippers { get; }
     
        void SaveChanges();
    }

    [VB]

    Public Interface IRadGridViewEFCodeFirstData
        ReadOnly Property Orders() As IGenericRepository(Of Order)
     
        ReadOnly Property OrderTypes() As IGenericRepository(Of OrderType)
     
        ReadOnly Property Shippers() As IGenericRepository(Of Shipper)
     
        Sub SaveChanges()
    End Interface

  3. Let us now implement our repositories and data layer

    [C#]

    public class RadGridViewEFCodeFirstContext : DbContext, IRadGridViewEFCodeFirstContext
    {
        public RadGridViewEFCodeFirstContext()
            : base("RadGridViewEFCodeFirstConnection")
        {
            Database.SetInitializer(new MigrateDatabaseToLatestVersion<RadGridViewEFCodeFirstContext, Configuration>());
        }
     
        public IDbSet<Order> Orders { get; set; }
     
        public IDbSet<OrderType> OrderTypes  { get; set; }
     
        public IDbSet<Shipper> Shippers { get; set; }
     
        public new IDbSet<T> Set<T>() where T : class
        {
            return base.Set<T>();
        }
     
        public new void SaveChanges()
        {
            base.SaveChanges();
        }
    }

    [VB]

    Public Class RadGridViewEFCodeFirstContext
        Inherits DbContext
        Implements IRadGridViewEFCodeFirstContext
     
        Public Sub New()
            MyBase.New("RadGridViewEFCodeFirstConnection")
            Database.SetInitializer(New MigrateDatabaseToLatestVersion(Of RadGridViewEFCodeFirstContext, Migrations.Configuration)())
        End Sub
     
        Public Property Orders() As IDbSet(Of Order) Implements IRadGridViewEFCodeFirstContext.Orders
            Get
                Return m_Orders
            End Get
            Set(value As IDbSet(Of Order))
                m_Orders = value
            End Set
        End Property
        Private m_Orders As IDbSet(Of Order)
     
        Public Property OrderTypes() As IDbSet(Of OrderType) Implements IRadGridViewEFCodeFirstContext.OrderTypes
            Get
                Return m_OrderTypes
            End Get
            Set(value As IDbSet(Of OrderType))
                m_OrderTypes = value
            End Set
        End Property
        Private m_OrderTypes As IDbSet(Of OrderType)
     
        Public Property Shippers() As IDbSet(Of Shipper) Implements IRadGridViewEFCodeFirstContext.Shippers
            Get
                Return m_Shippers
            End Get
            Set(value As IDbSet(Of Shipper))
                m_Shippers = value
            End Set
        End Property
        Private m_Shippers As IDbSet(Of Shipper)
     
        Public Shadows Function [Set](Of T As Class)() As IDbSet(Of T) Implements IRadGridViewEFCodeFirstContext.Set
            Return MyBase.[Set](Of T)()
        End Function
     
        Public Shadows Sub SaveChanges() Implements IRadGridViewEFCodeFirstContext.SaveChanges
            MyBase.SaveChanges()
        End Sub
     
        Public Overloads Function Entry(Of T As Class)(entity As T) As Infrastructure.DbEntityEntry(Of T) Implements IRadGridViewEFCodeFirstContext.Entry
            Return MyBase.[Entry](Of T)(entity)
        End Function
     
    End Class

    [C#]

    public class RadGridViewEFCodeFirstRepository<T> : IGenericRepository<T> where T : class
    {
        private IRadGridViewEFCodeFirstContext context;
        private IDbSet<T> set;
     
        public RadGridViewEFCodeFirstRepository(IRadGridViewEFCodeFirstContext context)
        {
            this.context = context;
            this.set = context.Set<T>();
        }
     
        public IQueryable<T> All()
        {
            return this.set.AsQueryable();
        }
     
        public IQueryable<T> SearchFor(Expression<Func<T, bool>> conditions)
        {
            return this.All().Where(conditions);
        }
     
        public void Add(T entity)
        {
            this.set.Add(entity);
        }
     
        public void Update(T entity)
        {
            var entry = AttachIfDetached(entity);
            entry.State = EntityState.Modified;
        }
     
        public void Delete(T entity)
        {
            var entry = AttachIfDetached(entity);
            entry.State = EntityState.Deleted;
        }
     
        public void Detach(T entity)
        {
            var entry = this.context.Entry(entity);
            entry.State = EntityState.Detached;
        }
     
        private DbEntityEntry AttachIfDetached(T entity)
        {
            var entry = this.context.Entry(entity);
            if (entry.State == EntityState.Detached)
            {
                this.set.Attach(entity);
            }
     
            return entry;
        }
    }

    [VB]

    Public Class RadGridViewEFCodeFirstRepository(Of T As Class)
        Implements IGenericRepository(Of T)
     
        Private context As IRadGridViewEFCodeFirstContext
        Private [set] As IDbSet(Of T)
     
        Public Sub New(context As IRadGridViewEFCodeFirstContext)
            Me.context = context
            Me.[set] = context.[Set](Of T)()
        End Sub
     
        Public Function All() As IQueryable(Of T) Implements IGenericRepository(Of T).All
            Return Me.[set].AsQueryable()
        End Function
     
        Public Function SearchFor(conditions As Expression(Of Func(Of T, Boolean))) As IQueryable(Of T) Implements IGenericRepository(Of T).SearchFor
            Return Me.All().Where(conditions)
        End Function
     
        Public Sub Add(entity As T) Implements IGenericRepository(Of T).Add
            Me.[set].Add(entity)
        End Sub
     
        Public Sub Update(entity As T) Implements IGenericRepository(Of T).Update
            Dim entry = AttachIfDetached(entity)
            entry.State = EntityState.Modified
        End Sub
     
        Public Sub Delete(entity As T) Implements IGenericRepository(Of T).Delete
            Dim entry = AttachIfDetached(entity)
            entry.State = EntityState.Deleted
        End Sub
     
        Public Sub Detach(entity As T) Implements IGenericRepository(Of T).Detach
            Dim entry = Me.context.Entry(entity)
            entry.State = EntityState.Detached
        End Sub
     
        Private Function AttachIfDetached(entity As T) As DbEntityEntry
            Dim entry = Me.context.Entry(entity)
            If entry.State = EntityState.Detached Then
                Me.[set].Attach(entity)
            End If
     
            Return entry
        End Function
     
    End Class

    [C#]

    public class RadGridViewEFCodeFirstData : IRadGridViewEFCodeFirstData
    {
        private IRadGridViewEFCodeFirstContext context;
        private IDictionary<Type, object> repositories;
     
        public RadGridViewEFCodeFirstData()
            : this(new RadGridViewEFCodeFirstContext())
        {
        }
     
        public RadGridViewEFCodeFirstData(IRadGridViewEFCodeFirstContext context)
        {
            this.context = context;
            this.repositories = new Dictionary<Type, object>();
        }
     
        public IGenericRepository<Order> Orders
        {
            get
            {
                return this.GetRepository<Order>();
            }
        }
     
        public IGenericRepository<OrderType> OrderTypes
        {
            get
            {
                return this.GetRepository<OrderType>();
            }
        }
     
        public IGenericRepository<Shipper> Shippers
        {
            get
            {
                return this.GetRepository<Shipper>();
            }
        }
     
        public void SaveChanges()
        {
            this.context.SaveChanges();
        }
     
        private IGenericRepository<T> GetRepository<T>() where T : class
        {
            var typeOfModel = typeof(T);
            if (!this.repositories.ContainsKey(typeOfModel))
            {
                Type type = typeof(RadGridViewEFCodeFirstRepository<T>);
                this.repositories.Add(typeOfModel, Activator.CreateInstance(type, this.context));
            }
     
            return (IGenericRepository<T>)this.repositories[typeOfModel];
        }
    }

    [VB]

    Public Class RadGridViewEFCodeFirstData
        Implements IRadGridViewEFCodeFirstData
     
        Private context As IRadGridViewEFCodeFirstContext
        Private repositories As IDictionary(Of Type, Object)
     
        Public Sub New()
            Me.New(New RadGridViewEFCodeFirstContext())
        End Sub
     
        Public Sub New(context As IRadGridViewEFCodeFirstContext)
            Me.context = context
            Me.repositories = New Dictionary(Of Type, Object)()
        End Sub
     
        Public ReadOnly Property Orders() As IGenericRepository(Of Order) Implements IRadGridViewEFCodeFirstData.Orders
            Get
                Return Me.GetRepository(Of Order)()
            End Get
        End Property
     
        Public ReadOnly Property OrderTypes() As IGenericRepository(Of OrderType) Implements IRadGridViewEFCodeFirstData.OrderTypes
            Get
                Return Me.GetRepository(Of OrderType)()
            End Get
        End Property
     
        Public ReadOnly Property Shippers() As IGenericRepository(Of Shipper) Implements IRadGridViewEFCodeFirstData.Shippers
            Get
                Return Me.GetRepository(Of Shipper)()
            End Get
        End Property
     
        Public Sub SaveChanges() Implements IRadGridViewEFCodeFirstData.SaveChanges
            Me.context.SaveChanges()
        End Sub
     
        Private Function GetRepository(Of T As Class)() As IGenericRepository(Of T)
            Dim typeOfModel = GetType(T)
            If Not Me.repositories.ContainsKey(typeOfModel) Then
                Dim type = GetType(RadGridViewEFCodeFirstRepository(Of T))
     
                Me.repositories.Add(typeOfModel, Activator.CreateInstance(type, Me.context))
            End If
     
            Return DirectCast(Me.repositories(typeOfModel), IGenericRepository(Of T))
        End Function
    End Class

  4. We also need to define a static class which will generate our sample data.

    [C#]

    public class DataGenerator
    {
        public static void PopulateData(IRadGridViewEFCodeFirstData data)
        {
            for (int i = 1; i <= 100; i++)
            {
                OrderType orderType = new OrderType()
                {
                    OrderTypeId = i,
                    Description = "Test" + i
                };
     
                Order order = new Order()
                {
                    OrderId = i,
                    Description = "Description" + i,
                    OrderTypeId = orderType.OrderTypeId
                };
     
                Shipper shipper = new Shipper()
                {
                    ShipperId = i,
                    Name = "Name " + i,
                    OrderTypeId = orderType.OrderTypeId,
                    Address = "Address " + i,
                };
     
                data.OrderTypes.Add(orderType);
                data.Orders.Add(order);
                data.Shippers.Add(shipper);
     
                if (i % 100 == 0)
                {
                    data.SaveChanges();
                }
            }
     
            data.SaveChanges();
        }
    }

    [VB]

    Public Class DataGenerator
        Public Shared Sub PopulateData(data As IRadGridViewEFCodeFirstData)
            For i As Integer = 1 To 100
                Dim orderType As New OrderType() With {
                     .OrderTypeId = i,
                     .Description = "Test" & i
                }
     
                Dim order As New Order() With {
                     .OrderId = i, _
                     .Description = "Description" & i,
                     .OrderTypeId = orderType.OrderTypeId
                }
     
                Dim shipper As New Shipper() With {
                     .ShipperId = i,
                     .Name = "Name" & i,
                     .OrderTypeId = orderType.OrderTypeId,
                     .Address = "Address" & i
                }
     
                data.OrderTypes.Add(orderType)
                data.Orders.Add(order)
                data.Shippers.Add(shipper)
     
                If i Mod 10 = 0 Then
                    data.SaveChanges()
                End If
            Next
     
            data.SaveChanges()
        End Sub
    End Class

  5. In our client application we will setup the RadGridView control in hierarchy feeding       the templates with data coming from different repositories:

      [C#]

public partial class Form1 : Form
{
    private IRadGridViewEFCodeFirstData data;
 
    public Form1()
    {
        InitializeComponent();
 
        this.data = new RadGridViewEFCodeFirstData();
        if (!data.OrderTypes.All().Any() || !data.Orders.All().Any() || !data.Shippers.All().Any())
        {
            DataGenerator.PopulateData(this.data);
        }
 
        this.SetUpGrid();
        this.FormClosing += Form1_FormClosing;
    }
 
    private void Form1_FormClosing(object sender, FormClosingEventArgs e)
    {
        this.data.SaveChanges();
    }
 
    private void SetUpGrid()
    {
        ((IDbSet<OrderType>)this.data.OrderTypes.All()).Load();
        this.radGridView1.DataSource = ((IDbSet<OrderType>)this.data.OrderTypes.All()).Local.ToBindingList();
        this.radGridView1.Columns["Orders"].IsVisible = false;
        this.radGridView1.Columns["Shippers"].IsVisible = false;
        this.radGridView1.AutoSizeColumnsMode = GridViewAutoSizeColumnsMode.Fill;
 
        GridViewTemplate ordersTemplate = new GridViewTemplate();
        ordersTemplate.Caption = "Orders";
        radGridView1.MasterTemplate.Templates.Add(ordersTemplate);
        ((IDbSet<Order>)this.data.Orders.All()).Load();
        ordersTemplate.DataSource = ((IDbSet<Order>)this.data.Orders.All()).Local.ToBindingList();
        ordersTemplate.Columns["OrderType"].IsVisible = false;
        ordersTemplate.AutoSizeColumnsMode = GridViewAutoSizeColumnsMode.Fill;
 
        GridViewRelation relation = new GridViewRelation(radGridView1.MasterTemplate);
        relation.ChildTemplate = ordersTemplate;
        relation.RelationName = "OrderTypesOrders";
        relation.ParentColumnNames.Add("OrderTypeId");
        relation.ChildColumnNames.Add("OrderTypeId");
        radGridView1.Relations.Add(relation);
 
        GridViewTemplate shippersTemplate = new GridViewTemplate();
        shippersTemplate.Caption = "Shippers";
        radGridView1.MasterTemplate.Templates.Add(shippersTemplate);
        ((IDbSet<Shipper>)this.data.Shippers.All()).Load();
        shippersTemplate.DataSource = ((IDbSet<Shipper>)this.data.Shippers.All()).Local.ToBindingList();
        shippersTemplate.Columns["OrderType"].IsVisible = false;
        shippersTemplate.AutoSizeColumnsMode = GridViewAutoSizeColumnsMode.Fill;
 
        GridViewRelation relation2 = new GridViewRelation(radGridView1.MasterTemplate);
        relation2.ChildTemplate = shippersTemplate;
        relation2.RelationName = "OrderTypesShippers";
        relation2.ParentColumnNames.Add("OrderTypeId");
        relation2.ChildColumnNames.Add("OrderTypeId");
        radGridView1.Relations.Add(relation2);
    }
}

     
      [ VB]

Public Class Form1
    Inherits Form
 
    Private data As IRadGridViewEFCodeFirstData
 
    Public Sub New()
        InitializeComponent()
 
        Me.data = New RadGridViewEFCodeFirstData()
        If Not data.OrderTypes.All().Any() OrElse Not data.Orders.All().Any() OrElse Not data.Shippers.All().Any() The
            DataGenerator.PopulateData(Me.data)
        End If
        Me.SetUpGrid()
 
        AddHandler Me.FormClosing, AddressOf Form1_FormClosing
    End Sub
 
    Private Sub Form1_FormClosing(sender As Object, e As FormClosingEventArgs)
        Me.data.SaveChanges()
    End Sub
 
    Private Sub SetUpGrid()
        DirectCast(Me.data.OrderTypes.All(), IDbSet(Of OrderType)).Load()
        Me.RadGridView1.DataSource = DirectCast(Me.data.OrderTypes.All(), IDbSet(Of OrderType)).Local.ToBindingList()
        Me.RadGridView1.Columns("Orders").IsVisible = False
        Me.RadGridView1.Columns("Shippers").IsVisible = False
        Me.RadGridView1.AutoSizeColumnsMode = GridViewAutoSizeColumnsMode.Fill
 
        Dim ordersTemplate As New GridViewTemplate()
        ordersTemplate.Caption = "Orders"
        Me.RadGridView1.MasterTemplate.Templates.Add(ordersTemplate)
        DirectCast(Me.data.Orders.All(), IDbSet(Of Order)).Load()
        ordersTemplate.DataSource = DirectCast(Me.data.Orders.All(), IDbSet(Of Order)).Local.ToBindingList()
        ordersTemplate.Columns("OrderType").IsVisible = False
        ordersTemplate.AutoSizeColumnsMode = GridViewAutoSizeColumnsMode.Fill
 
        Dim relation As New GridViewRelation(RadGridView1.MasterTemplate)
        relation.ChildTemplate = ordersTemplate
        relation.RelationName = "OrderTypesOrders"
        relation.ParentColumnNames.Add("OrderTypeId")
        relation.ChildColumnNames.Add("OrderTypeId")
        RadGridView1.Relations.Add(relation)
 
        Dim shippersTemplate As New GridViewTemplate()
        shippersTemplate.Caption = "Shippers"
        Me.RadGridView1.MasterTemplate.Templates.Add(shippersTemplate)
        DirectCast(Me.data.Shippers.All(), IDbSet(Of Shipper)).Load()
        shippersTemplate.DataSource = DirectCast(Me.data.Shippers.All(), IDbSet(Of Shipper)).Local.ToBindingList()
        shippersTemplate.Columns("OrderType").IsVisible = False
        shippersTemplate.AutoSizeColumnsMode = GridViewAutoSizeColumnsMode.Fill
 
        Dim relation2 As New GridViewRelation(RadGridView1.MasterTemplate)
        relation2.ChildTemplate = shippersTemplate
        relation2.RelationName = "OrderTypesShippers"
        relation2.ParentColumnNames.Add("OrderTypeId")
        relation2.ChildColumnNames.Add("OrderTypeId")
        Me.RadGridView1.Relations.Add(relation2)
    End Sub
End Class


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