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			<h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading">HTML</h1>
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				<div class="dablink"><span class="plainlinks selfreference">For the use of HTML on Wikipedia, see <a href="/wiki/Help:HTML_in_wikitext" title="Help:HTML in wikitext">Help:HTML in wikitext</a>.</span></div>
<table class="infobox" cellspacing="5" style="width:22em;">
<caption class="" style="">HTML<br />
<span style="font-size:smaller; line-height:130%"><span style="white-space:nowrap;">(HyperText Markup Language)</span></span></caption>
<tr class="">
<th scope="row" style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Filename_extension" title="Filename extension">Filename extension</a></th>

<td class="" style=""><code>.html, .htm</code></td>
</tr>
<tr class="">
<th scope="row" style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Internet_media_type" title="Internet media type">Internet media type</a></th>
<td class="" style=""><code>text/html</code></td>
</tr>
<tr class="">
<th scope="row" style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Type_code" title="Type code">Type code</a></th>
<td class="" style="">TEXT</td>
</tr>
<tr class="">
<th scope="row" style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Uniform_Type_Identifier" title="Uniform Type Identifier">Uniform Type Identifier</a></th>

<td class="" style="">public.html</td>
</tr>
<tr class="">
<th scope="row" style="text-align:left;">Developed by</th>
<td class="" style=""><a href="/wiki/World_Wide_Web_Consortium" title="World Wide Web Consortium">World Wide Web Consortium</a> &amp; <a href="/wiki/WHATWG" title="WHATWG" class="mw-redirect">WHATWG</a></td>
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<tr class="">
<th scope="row" style="text-align:left;">Type of format</th>
<td class="" style=""><a href="/wiki/Markup_language" title="Markup language">Markup language</a></td>

</tr>
<tr class="">
<th scope="row" style="text-align:left;">Extended from</th>
<td class="" style=""><a href="/wiki/Standard_Generalized_Markup_Language" title="Standard Generalized Markup Language">SGML</a></td>
</tr>
<tr class="">
<th scope="row" style="text-align:left;">Extended to</th>
<td class="" style=""><a href="/wiki/XHTML" title="XHTML">XHTML</a></td>
</tr>
<tr class="">
<th scope="row" style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/International_standard" title="International standard">Standard(s)</a></th>
<td class="" style="">

<p>ISO/IEC 15445<br />
<a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/1999/REC-html401-19991224/" class="external text" rel="nofollow">W3C HTML 4.01</a><br /></p>
<a href="http://dev.w3.org/html5/spec/" class="external text" rel="nofollow">W3C HTML5</a> (draft)</td>
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<p><b>HTML</b>, which stands for <b><a href="/wiki/HyperText" title="HyperText" class="mw-redirect">HyperText</a> Markup Language</b>, is the predominant <a href="/wiki/Markup_language" title="Markup language">markup language</a> for <a href="/wiki/Web_page" title="Web page">web pages</a>. HTML is the basic building-blocks of webpages.</p>

<p>HTML is written in the form of <a href="/wiki/HTML_element" title="HTML element">HTML elements</a> consisting of <i>tags</i>, enclosed in <a href="/wiki/Bracket#Angle_brackets_or_chevrons_.E2.9F.A8_.E2.9F.A9" title="Bracket">angle brackets</a> (like &lt;html&gt;), within the web page content. HTML tags normally come in pairs like &lt;h1&gt; and &lt;/h1&gt;. The first tag in a pair is the <i>start tag</i>, the second tag is the <i>end tag</i> (they are also called <i>opening tags</i> and <i>closing tags</i>). In between these tags web designers can add text, tables, images, etc..</p>

<p>The purpose of a <a href="/wiki/Web_browser" title="Web browser">web browser</a> is to read HTML documents and compose them into visual or audible web pages. The browser does not display the HTML tags, but uses the tags to interpret the content of the page.</p>
<p>HTML elements form the building blocks of all websites. HTML allows <a href="/wiki/HTML_element#Images_and_objects" title="HTML element">images and objects</a> to be embedded and can be used to create <a href="/wiki/HTML_element#Forms" title="HTML element">interactive forms</a>. It provides a means to create <a href="/wiki/Structured_document" title="Structured document">structured documents</a> by denoting structural <a href="/wiki/Semantic" title="Semantic" class="mw-redirect">semantics</a> for text such as headings, paragraphs, lists, links, quotes and other items. It can embed <a href="/wiki/Scripting_language" title="Scripting language">scripts</a> in languages such as <a href="/wiki/JavaScript" title="JavaScript">JavaScript</a> which affect the behavior of HTML webpages.</p>

<p>Web browsers can also refer to <a href="/wiki/Cascading_Style_Sheets" title="Cascading Style Sheets">Cascading Style Sheets</a> (CSS) to define the appearance and layout of text and other material. The <a href="/wiki/W3C" title="W3C" class="mw-redirect">W3C</a>, maintainer of both the HTML and the CSS standards, encourages the use of CSS over explicitly presentational HTML markup.<sup id="cite_ref-deprecated_0-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-deprecated-0"><span>[</span>1<span>]</span></a></sup></p>
<table id="toc" class="toc">
<tr>
<td>
<div id="toctitle">
<h2>Contents</h2>
</div>

<ul>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#History"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">History</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2"><a href="#Origins"><span class="tocnumber">1.1</span> <span class="toctext">Origins</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="#First_specifications"><span class="tocnumber">1.2</span> <span class="toctext">First specifications</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="#Version_history_of_the_standard"><span class="tocnumber">1.3</span> <span class="toctext">Version history of the standard</span></a>

<ul>
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-5"><a href="#HTML_version_timeline"><span class="tocnumber">1.3.1</span> <span class="toctext">HTML version timeline</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-6"><a href="#HTML_draft_version_timeline"><span class="tocnumber">1.3.2</span> <span class="toctext">HTML draft version timeline</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-7"><a href="#XHTML_versions"><span class="tocnumber">1.3.3</span> <span class="toctext">XHTML versions</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>

<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-8"><a href="#Markup"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Markup</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-9"><a href="#Elements"><span class="tocnumber">2.1</span> <span class="toctext">Elements</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-10"><a href="#Element_examples"><span class="tocnumber">2.1.1</span> <span class="toctext">Element examples</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-11"><a href="#Attributes"><span class="tocnumber">2.1.2</span> <span class="toctext">Attributes</span></a></li>

</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-12"><a href="#Character_and_entity_references"><span class="tocnumber">2.2</span> <span class="toctext">Character and entity references</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-13"><a href="#Data_types"><span class="tocnumber">2.3</span> <span class="toctext">Data types</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-14"><a href="#Document_type_declaration"><span class="tocnumber">2.4</span> <span class="toctext">Document type declaration</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-15"><a href="#Semantic_HTML"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Semantic HTML</span></a></li>

<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-16"><a href="#Delivery"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Delivery</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-17"><a href="#HTTP"><span class="tocnumber">4.1</span> <span class="toctext">HTTP</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-18"><a href="#HTML_e-mail"><span class="tocnumber">4.2</span> <span class="toctext">HTML e-mail</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-19"><a href="#Naming_conventions"><span class="tocnumber">4.3</span> <span class="toctext">Naming conventions</span></a></li>

<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-20"><a href="#HTML_Application"><span class="tocnumber">4.4</span> <span class="toctext">HTML Application</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-21"><a href="#Current_variations"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Current variations</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-22"><a href="#SGML-based_versus_XML-based_HTML"><span class="tocnumber">5.1</span> <span class="toctext">SGML-based versus XML-based HTML</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-23"><a href="#Transitional_versus_strict"><span class="tocnumber">5.2</span> <span class="toctext">Transitional versus strict</span></a></li>

<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-24"><a href="#Frameset_versus_transitional"><span class="tocnumber">5.3</span> <span class="toctext">Frameset versus transitional</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-25"><a href="#Summary_of_specification_versions"><span class="tocnumber">5.4</span> <span class="toctext">Summary of specification versions</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-26"><a href="#Hypertext_features_not_in_HTML"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">Hypertext features not in HTML</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-27"><a href="#WYSIWYG_editors"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">WYSIWYG editors</span></a></li>

<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-28"><a href="#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">8</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-29"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">9</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-30"><a href="#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">10</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="/w/index.php?title=HTML&amp;action=edit&amp;section=1" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="History">History</span></h2>

<div class="thumb tright">
<div class="thumbinner" style="width:50px;"><a href="/wiki/File:HTML-old.gif" class="image"><img alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/2/2b/HTML-old.gif" width="48" height="48" class="thumbimage" /></a>
<div class="thumbcaption">
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The historic logo made by the W3C</div>
</div>
</div>
<h3><span class="editsection">[<a href="/w/index.php?title=HTML&amp;action=edit&amp;section=2" title="Edit section: Origins">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Origins">Origins</span></h3>
<div class="thumb tright">
<div class="thumbinner" style="width:172px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Tim_Berners-Lee_April_2009.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Tim_Berners-Lee_April_2009.jpg/170px-Tim_Berners-Lee_April_2009.jpg" width="170" height="234" class="thumbimage" /></a>
<div class="thumbcaption">

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<a href="/wiki/Tim_Berners-Lee" title="Tim Berners-Lee">Tim Berners-Lee</a></div>
</div>
</div>
<p>In 1980, physicist <a href="/wiki/Tim_Berners-Lee" title="Tim Berners-Lee">Tim Berners-Lee</a>, who was a contractor at <a href="/wiki/CERN" title="CERN">CERN</a>, proposed and prototyped <a href="/wiki/ENQUIRE" title="ENQUIRE">ENQUIRE</a>, a system for <a href="/wiki/CERN" title="CERN">CERN</a> researchers to use and share documents. In 1989, Berners-Lee wrote a memo proposing an <a href="/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">Internet</a>-based <a href="/wiki/Hypertext" title="Hypertext">hypertext</a> system.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span>[</span>2<span>]</span></a></sup> Berners-Lee specified HTML and wrote the browser and server software in the last part of 1990. In that year, Berners-Lee and CERN data systems engineer <a href="/wiki/Robert_Cailliau" title="Robert Cailliau">Robert Cailliau</a> collaborated on a joint request for funding, but the project was not formally adopted by CERN. In his personal notes<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span>[</span>3<span>]</span></a></sup> from 1990 he lists<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span>[</span>4<span>]</span></a></sup> "some of the many areas in which hypertext is used" and puts an encyclopedia first.</p>

<h3><span class="editsection">[<a href="/w/index.php?title=HTML&amp;action=edit&amp;section=3" title="Edit section: First specifications">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="First_specifications">First specifications</span></h3>
<p>The first publicly available description of HTML was a document called <i>HTML Tags</i>, first mentioned on the Internet by Berners-Lee in late 1991.<sup id="cite_ref-tagshtml_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tagshtml-4"><span>[</span>5<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span>[</span>6<span>]</span></a></sup> It describes 20 elements comprising the initial, relatively simple design of HTML. Except for the hyperlink tag, these were strongly influenced by SGMLguid, an in-house SGML based documentation format at CERN. Thirteen of these elements still exist in HTML 4.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span>[</span>7<span>]</span></a></sup></p>

<p>HTML is a <a href="/wiki/Markup_language" title="Markup language">markup language</a> that <a href="/wiki/Web_browser" title="Web browser">web browsers</a> use to interpret and <a href="/wiki/Typesetting" title="Typesetting">compose</a> text, images and other material into visual or audible web pages. Default characteristics for every item of HTML markup are defined in the browser, and these characteristics can be altered or enhanced by the web page designer's additional use of <a href="/wiki/Cascading_Style_Sheets" title="Cascading Style Sheets">CSS</a>. Many of the text elements are found in the 1988 ISO technical report TR 9537 <i>Techniques for using SGML</i>, which in turn covers the features of early text formatting languages such as that used by the <a href="/wiki/TYPSET_and_RUNOFF" title="TYPSET and RUNOFF">RUNOFF command</a> developed in the early 1960s for the <a href="/wiki/CTSS" title="CTSS">CTSS</a> (Compatible Time-Sharing System) operating system: these formatting commands were derived from the commands used by typesetters to manually format documents. However, the SGML concept of generalized markup is based on elements (nested annotated ranges with attributes) rather than merely print effects, with also the separation of structure and processing; HTML has been progressively moved in this direction with <a href="/wiki/CSS" title="CSS" class="mw-redirect">CSS</a>.</p>

<p>Berners-Lee considered HTML to be an application of SGML. It was formally defined as such by the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Engineering_Task_Force" title="Internet Engineering Task Force">Internet Engineering Task Force</a> (IETF) with the mid-1993 publication of the first proposal for an HTML specification: <a href="http://www.w3.org/MarkUp/draft-ietf-iiir-html-01.txt" class="external text" rel="nofollow">"Hypertext Markup Language (HTML)" Internet-Draft</a> by Berners-Lee and <a href="/wiki/Dan_Connolly" title="Dan Connolly">Dan Connolly</a>, which included an SGML <a href="/wiki/Document_Type_Definition" title="Document Type Definition">Document Type Definition</a> to define the grammar.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span>[</span>8<span>]</span></a></sup> The draft expired after six months, but was notable for its acknowledgment of the <a href="/wiki/Mosaic_(web_browser)" title="Mosaic (web browser)">NCSA Mosaic</a> browser's custom tag for embedding in-line images, reflecting the IETF's philosophy of basing standards on successful prototypes.<sup id="cite_ref-raymond_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-raymond-8"><span>[</span>9<span>]</span></a></sup> Similarly, <a href="/wiki/Dave_Raggett" title="Dave Raggett">Dave Raggett</a>'s competing Internet-Draft, "HTML+ (Hypertext Markup Format)", from late 1993, suggested standardizing already-implemented features like tables and fill-out forms.<sup id="cite_ref-html.2B_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-html.2B-9"><span>[</span>10<span>]</span></a></sup></p>

<p>After the HTML and HTML+ drafts expired in early 1994, the IETF created an HTML Working Group, which in 1995 completed "HTML 2.0", the first HTML specification intended to be treated as a standard against which future implementations should be based.<sup id="cite_ref-raymond_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-raymond-8"><span>[</span>9<span>]</span></a></sup> Published as <a href="/wiki/Request_for_Comments" title="Request for Comments">Request for Comments</a> 1866, HTML 2.0 included ideas from the HTML and HTML+ drafts.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span>[</span>11<span>]</span></a></sup> The 2.0 designation was intended to distinguish the new edition from previous drafts.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span>[</span>12<span>]</span></a></sup></p>

<p>Further development under the auspices of the IETF was stalled by competing interests. Since 1996, the HTML specifications have been maintained, with input from commercial software vendors, by the <a href="/wiki/World_Wide_Web_Consortium" title="World Wide Web Consortium">World Wide Web Consortium</a> (W3C).<sup id="cite_ref-raggett_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-raggett-12"><span>[</span>13<span>]</span></a></sup> However, in 2000, HTML also became an international standard (<a href="/wiki/International_Organization_for_Standardization" title="International Organization for Standardization">ISO</a>/<a href="/wiki/International_Electrotechnical_Commission" title="International Electrotechnical Commission">IEC</a> 15445:2000). The last HTML specification published by the W3C is the HTML 4.01 Recommendation, published in late 1999. Its issues and errors were last acknowledged by errata published in 2001.</p>
<h3><span class="editsection">[<a href="/w/index.php?title=HTML&amp;action=edit&amp;section=4" title="Edit section: Version history of the standard">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Version_history_of_the_standard">Version history of the standard</span></h3>

<table class="vertical-navbox" style="background:#F9F9F9; border:1px solid #AAAAAA; clear:right; color:black; float:right; margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em; padding:0.2em;">
<tr style="background:gainsboro;">
<th><strong class="selflink">HTML</strong></th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<ul>
<li><strong class="selflink">HTML</strong> and <a href="/wiki/HTML5" title="HTML5">HTML5</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Dynamic_HTML" title="Dynamic HTML">Dynamic HTML</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/XHTML" title="XHTML">XHTML</a></li>

<li><a href="/wiki/XHTML_Mobile_Profile" title="XHTML Mobile Profile">XHTML Mobile Profile</a> and <a href="/wiki/C-HTML" title="C-HTML">C-HTML</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Canvas_element" title="Canvas element">Canvas element</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Character_encodings_in_HTML" title="Character encodings in HTML">Character encodings</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Document_Object_Model" title="Document Object Model">Document Object Model</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Font_family_(HTML)" title="Font family (HTML)">Font family</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/HTML_editor" title="HTML editor">HTML editor</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/HTML_element" title="HTML element">HTML element</a></li>

<li><a href="/wiki/Framing_(World_Wide_Web)" title="Framing (World Wide Web)">HTML Frames</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/HTML5_video" title="HTML5 video">HTML5 video</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/HTML_scripting" title="HTML scripting">HTML scripting</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Web_browser_engine" title="Web browser engine">Web browser engine</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Quirks_mode" title="Quirks mode">Quirks mode</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Style_sheet_(web_development)" title="Style sheet (web development)">Style sheets</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Unicode_and_HTML" title="Unicode and HTML">Unicode and HTML</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/World_Wide_Web_Consortium" title="World Wide Web Consortium">W3C</a> and <a href="/wiki/Web_Hypertext_Application_Technology_Working_Group" title="Web Hypertext Application Technology Working Group">WHATWG</a></li>

<li><a href="/wiki/Web_colors" title="Web colors">Web colors</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Web_Storage" title="Web Storage">Web Storage</a></li>
<li>Comparison of
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_document_markup_languages" title="Comparison of document markup languages">document markup languages</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_web_browsers" title="Comparison of web browsers">web browsers</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_web_browser_engines" title="Comparison of web browser engines">layout engines</a> for
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_layout_engines_(HTML)" title="Comparison of layout engines (HTML)">HTML</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_layout_engines_(HTML5)" title="Comparison of layout engines (HTML5)">HTML5</a>

<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_layout_engines_(HTML5_Canvas)" title="Comparison of layout engines (HTML5 Canvas)">HTML5 Canvas</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_layout_engines_(HTML5_Media)" title="Comparison of layout engines (HTML5 Media)">HTML5 Media</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_layout_engines_(Non-standard_HTML)" title="Comparison of layout engines (Non-standard HTML)" class="mw-redirect">Non-standard HTML</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_layout_engines_(XHTML)" title="Comparison of layout engines (XHTML)">XHTML</a> (<a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_layout_engines_(XHTML_1.1)" title="Comparison of layout engines (XHTML 1.1)">1.1</a>)</li>
</ul>
</li>

</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:center;"><span class="noprint plainlinks navbar" style=""><span style="">This box:</span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;word-spacing:-.12em;"><a href="/wiki/Template:HTML" title="Template:HTML"><span style="" title="View this template">view</span></a> <span style=""><b>·</b></span> <a href="/wiki/Template_talk:HTML" title="Template talk:HTML"><span style="" title="Discuss this template">talk</span></a> <span style=""><b>·</b></span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:HTML&amp;action=edit" class="external text" rel="nofollow"><span style="" title="Edit this template">edit</span></a></span></span></td>

</tr>
</table>
<h4><span class="editsection">[<a href="/w/index.php?title=HTML&amp;action=edit&amp;section=5" title="Edit section: HTML version timeline">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="HTML_version_timeline">HTML version timeline</span></h4>
<dl>
<dt>November 24, 1995</dt>
<dd>HTML 2.0 was published as IETF <a href="http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc1866" class="external mw-magiclink-rfc">RFC 1866</a>. Supplemental <a href="/wiki/Request_for_Comments" title="Request for Comments">RFCs</a> added capabilities:

<ul>
<li>November 25, 1995: <a href="http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc1867" class="external mw-magiclink-rfc">RFC 1867</a> (form-based file upload)</li>
<li>May 1996: <a href="http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc1942" class="external mw-magiclink-rfc">RFC 1942</a> (tables)</li>
<li>August 1996: <a href="http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc1980" class="external mw-magiclink-rfc">RFC 1980</a> (client-side image maps)</li>
<li>January 1997: <a href="http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc2070" class="external mw-magiclink-rfc">RFC 2070</a> (<a href="/wiki/Internationalization_and_localization" title="Internationalization and localization">internationalization</a>)</li>

</ul>
</dd>
<dd>In June 2000, all of these were declared obsolete/historic by <a href="http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc2854" class="external mw-magiclink-rfc">RFC 2854</a>.</dd>
<dt>January 1997</dt>
<dd>HTML 3.2<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span>[</span>14<span>]</span></a></sup> was published as a <a href="/wiki/W3C_Recommendation" title="W3C Recommendation" class="mw-redirect">W3C Recommendation</a>. It was the first version developed and standardized exclusively by the W3C, as the IETF had closed its HTML Working Group in September 1996.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span>[</span>15<span>]</span></a></sup></dd>

<dd>HTML 3.2 dropped math formulas entirely, reconciled overlap among various proprietary extensions and adopted most of Netscape's visual markup tags. Netscape's <a href="/wiki/Blink_element" title="Blink element">blink element</a> and <a href="/wiki/Microsoft" title="Microsoft">Microsoft</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Marquee_element" title="Marquee element">marquee element</a> were omitted due to a mutual agreement between the two companies.<sup id="cite_ref-raggett_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-raggett-12"><span>[</span>13<span>]</span></a></sup> A markup for mathematical formulas similar to that in HTML was not standardized until 14 months later in <a href="/wiki/MathML" title="MathML">MathML</a>.</dd>

<dt>December 1997</dt>
<dd>HTML 4.0<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span>[</span>16<span>]</span></a></sup> was published as a W3C Recommendation. It offers three variations:
<ul>
<li>Strict, in which deprecated elements are forbidden,</li>
<li>Transitional, in which deprecated elements are allowed,</li>
<li>Frameset, in which mostly only <a href="/wiki/Framing_(World_Wide_Web)" title="Framing (World Wide Web)">frame</a> related elements are allowed;</li>

</ul>
</dd>
<dd>Initially code-named "Cougar",<sup id="cite_ref-engelfriet_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-engelfriet-16"><span>[</span>17<span>]</span></a></sup> HTML 4.0 adopted many browser-specific element types and attributes, but at the same time sought to phase out Netscape's visual markup features by marking them as <a href="/wiki/Deprecation" title="Deprecation">deprecated</a> in favor of style sheets. HTML 4 is an SGML application conforming to ISO 8879 - SGML.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span>[</span>18<span>]</span></a></sup></dd>
<dt>April 1998</dt>

<dd>HTML 4.0<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span>[</span>19<span>]</span></a></sup> was reissued with minor edits without incrementing the version number.</dd>
<dt>December 1999</dt>
<dd>HTML 4.01<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span>[</span>20<span>]</span></a></sup> was published as a W3C Recommendation. It offers the same three variations as HTML 4.0 and its last <a href="http://www.w3.org/MarkUp/html4-updates/errata" class="external text" rel="nofollow">errata</a> were published May 12, 2001.</dd>

<dt>May 2000</dt>
<dd><a href="/w/index.php?title=ISO/IEC_15445:2000&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="ISO/IEC 15445:2000 (page does not exist)">ISO/IEC 15445:2000</a><sup id="cite_ref-iso-html_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iso-html-20"><span>[</span>21<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span>[</span>22<span>]</span></a></sup> ("<a href="/wiki/International_Organization_for_Standardization" title="International Organization for Standardization">ISO</a> HTML", based on HTML 4.01 Strict) was published as an ISO/IEC international standard. In the ISO this standard falls in the domain of the <a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_JTC1/SC34" title="ISO/IEC JTC1/SC34">ISO/IEC JTC1/SC34</a> (ISO/IEC Joint Technical Committee 1, Subcommittee 34 - Document description and processing languages).<sup id="cite_ref-iso-html_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iso-html-20"><span>[</span>21<span>]</span></a></sup></dd>

<dd>As of mid-2008, HTML 4.01 and ISO/IEC 15445:2000 are the most recent versions of HTML. Development of the parallel, XML-based language XHTML occupied the W3C's HTML Working Group through the early and mid-2000s.</dd>
</dl>
<h4><span class="editsection">[<a href="/w/index.php?title=HTML&amp;action=edit&amp;section=6" title="Edit section: HTML draft version timeline">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="HTML_draft_version_timeline">HTML draft version timeline</span></h4>
<div class="thumb tright">
<div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/wiki/File:HTML5-logo.svg" class="image"><img alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/HTML5-logo.svg/220px-HTML5-logo.svg.png" width="220" height="220" class="thumbimage" /></a>
<div class="thumbcaption">
<div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:HTML5-logo.svg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"><img src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/common/images/magnify-clip.png" width="15" height="11" alt="" /></a></div>
Logo of HTML 5</div>
</div>
</div>

<dl>
<dt>October 1991</dt>
<dd><i>HTML Tags</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-tagshtml_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tagshtml-4"><span>[</span>5<span>]</span></a></sup> an informal CERN document listing twelve HTML tags, was first mentioned in public.</dd>
<dt>June 1992</dt>
<dd>First informal draft of the HTML DTD,<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span>[</span>23<span>]</span></a></sup> with seven<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span>[</span>24<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span>[</span>25<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-html11_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-html11-25"><span>[</span>26<span>]</span></a></sup> subsequent revisions (July 15, August 6, August 18, November 17, November 19, November 20, November 22)</dd>

<dt>November 1992</dt>
<dd>HTML DTD 1.1 (the first with a version number, based on RCS revisions, which start with 1.1 rather than 1.0), an informal draft<sup id="cite_ref-html11_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-html11-25"><span>[</span>26<span>]</span></a></sup></dd>
<dt>June 1993</dt>
<dd>Hypertext Markup Language<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span>[</span>27<span>]</span></a></sup> was published by the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Engineering_Task_Force" title="Internet Engineering Task Force">IETF</a> IIIR Working Group as an Internet-Draft (a rough proposal for a standard). It was replaced by a second version<sup id="cite_ref-ietfiiir_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ietfiiir-27"><span>[</span>28<span>]</span></a></sup> one month later, followed by six further drafts published by IETF itself<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span>[</span>29<span>]</span></a></sup> that finally led to HTML 2.0 in RFC1866</dd>

<dt>November 1993</dt>
<dd>HTML+ was published by the IETF as an Internet-Draft and was a competing proposal to the Hypertext Markup Language draft. It expired in May 1994.</dd>
<dt>April 1995 (authored March 1995)</dt>
<dd>HTML 3.0<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span>[</span>30<span>]</span></a></sup> was proposed as a standard to the IETF, but the proposal expired five months later without further action. It included many of the capabilities that were in Raggett's HTML+ proposal, such as support for tables, text flow around figures and the display of complex mathematical formulas.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span>[</span>31<span>]</span></a></sup></dd>
<dd>W3C began development of its own <a href="/wiki/Arena_(web_browser)" title="Arena (web browser)">Arena browser</a> as a <a href="/wiki/Test_bed" title="Test bed" class="mw-redirect">test bed</a> for HTML 3 and Cascading Style Sheets,<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span>[</span>32<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span>[</span>33<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span>[</span>34<span>]</span></a></sup> but HTML 3.0 did not succeed for several reasons. The draft was considered very large at 150 pages and the pace of browser development, as well as the number of interested parties, had outstripped the resources of the IETF.<sup id="cite_ref-raggett_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-raggett-12"><span>[</span>13<span>]</span></a></sup> Browser vendors, including Microsoft and Netscape at the time, chose to implement different subsets of HTML 3's draft features as well as to introduce their own extensions to it.<sup id="cite_ref-raggett_12-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-raggett-12"><span>[</span>13<span>]</span></a></sup> (See <a href="/wiki/Browser_wars" title="Browser wars">Browser wars</a>) These included extensions to control stylistic aspects of documents, contrary to the "belief [of the academic engineering community] that such things as text color, background texture, font size and font face were definitely outside the scope of a language when their only intent was to specify how a document would be organized."<sup id="cite_ref-raggett_12-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-raggett-12"><span>[</span>13<span>]</span></a></sup> Dave Raggett, who has been a W3C Fellow for many years has commented for example, "To a certain extent, Microsoft built its business on the Web by extending HTML features."<sup id="cite_ref-raggett_12-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-raggett-12"><span>[</span>13<span>]</span></a></sup></dd>

<dt>January 2008</dt>
<dd><a href="/wiki/HTML5" title="HTML5">HTML5</a> was published as a <a href="/wiki/World_Wide_Web_Consortium#Recommendations_and_Certifications" title="World Wide Web Consortium">Working Draft</a> (<a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/html5/" class="external text" rel="nofollow">link</a>) by the W3C.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span>[</span>35<span>]</span></a></sup></dd>
<dd>Although its syntax closely resembles that of SGML, <a href="/wiki/HTML5" title="HTML5">HTML5</a> has abandoned any attempt to be an SGML application and has explicitly defined its own "html" serialization, in addition to an alternative XML-based XHTML5 serialization.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span>[</span>36<span>]</span></a></sup></dd>

</dl>
<h4><span class="editsection">[<a href="/w/index.php?title=HTML&amp;action=edit&amp;section=7" title="Edit section: XHTML versions">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="XHTML_versions">XHTML versions</span></h4>
<div class="rellink relarticle mainarticle">Main article: <a href="/wiki/XHTML" title="XHTML">XHTML</a></div>
<p>XHTML is a separate language that began as a reformulation of HTML 4.01 using <a href="/wiki/XML" title="XML">XML</a> 1.0. It continues to be developed:</p>
<ul>
<li>XHTML 1.0,<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span>[</span>37<span>]</span></a></sup> published January 26, 2000, as a W3C Recommendation, later revised and republished August 1, 2002. It offers the same three variations as HTML 4.0 and 4.01, reformulated in XML, with minor restrictions.</li>

<li>XHTML 1.1,<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span>[</span>38<span>]</span></a></sup> published May 31, 2001, as a W3C Recommendation. It is based on XHTML 1.0 Strict, but includes minor changes, can be customized, is reformulated using modules from <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml-modularization/" class="external text" rel="nofollow">Modularization of XHTML</a>, which was published April 10, 2001, as a W3C Recommendation.</li>
<li>XHTML 2.0,.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span>[</span>39<span>]</span></a></sup> There is no XHTML 2.0 standard. XHTML 2.0 is only a draft document and it is inappropriate to cite this document as other than work in progress. XHTML 2.0 is incompatible with XHTML 1.x and, therefore, would be more accurately characterized as an XHTML-inspired new language than an update to XHTML 1.x.</li>
<li>XHTML5, which is an update to XHTML 1.x, is being defined alongside <a href="/wiki/HTML5" title="HTML5">HTML5</a> in the HTML5 draft.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span>[</span>40<span>]</span></a></sup></li>

</ul>
<h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="/w/index.php?title=HTML&amp;action=edit&amp;section=8" title="Edit section: Markup">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Markup">Markup</span></h2>
<p>HTML markup consists of several key components, including <i>elements</i> (and their <i>attributes</i>), character-based <i>data types</i>, <i>character references</i> and <i>entity references</i>. Another important component is the <i><a href="/wiki/Document_type_declaration" title="Document type declaration" class="mw-redirect">document type declaration</a></i>, which triggers <a href="/wiki/Standards_mode" title="Standards mode" class="mw-redirect">standards mode</a> rendering.</p>

<p>The <a href="/wiki/Hello_world_program" title="Hello world program">Hello world program</a>, a common <a href="/wiki/Computer_program" title="Computer program">computer program</a> employed for comparing <a href="/wiki/Programming_language" title="Programming language">programming languages</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scripting_language" title="Scripting language">scripting languages</a> and <a href="/wiki/Markup_language" title="Markup language">markup languages</a> is made of 9 <a href="/wiki/Lines_of_code" title="Lines of code" class="mw-redirect">lines of code</a> although in HTML <a href="/wiki/Newline" title="Newline">newlines</a> are optional:</p>

<div dir="ltr" class="mw-geshi" style="text-align: left;">
<div class="html4strict source-html4strict">
<pre class="de1">
<span class="sc0">&lt;!DOCTYPE html&gt;</span>
<span class="sc2">&lt;<span class="kw2">html</span>&gt;</span>
  <span class="sc2">&lt;<span class="kw2">head</span>&gt;</span>
    <span class="sc2">&lt;<span class="kw2">title</span>&gt;</span>Hello HTML<span class="sc2">&lt;<span class="sy0">/</span><span class="kw2">title</span>&gt;</span>
  <span class="sc2">&lt;<span class="sy0">/</span><span class="kw2">head</span>&gt;</span>

  <span class="sc2">&lt;<span class="kw2">body</span>&gt;</span>
    <span class="sc2">&lt;<span class="kw2">p</span>&gt;</span>Hello World!<span class="sc2">&lt;<span class="sy0">/</span><span class="kw2">p</span>&gt;</span>
  <span class="sc2">&lt;<span class="sy0">/</span><span class="kw2">body</span>&gt;</span>
<span class="sc2">&lt;<span class="sy0">/</span><span class="kw2">html</span>&gt;</span>
</pre></div>

</div>
<p><i>(The text between &lt;html&gt; and &lt;/html&gt; describes the web page, and The text between &lt;body&gt; and &lt;/body&gt; is the visible page content except for the markup text '&lt;title&gt;Hello HTML&lt;/title&gt;' —which evinces as the browser tab title.)</i></p>

<p>This Document Type Declaration is for HTML5. If the <code>&lt;!doctype html&gt;</code> declaration is not included, various browsers will revert to "<a href="/wiki/Quirks_mode" title="Quirks mode">quirks mode</a>" for rendering.<sup id="cite_ref-hsivonen_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hsivonen-40"><span>[</span>41<span>]</span></a></sup></p>
<h3><span class="editsection">[<a href="/w/index.php?title=HTML&amp;action=edit&amp;section=9" title="Edit section: Elements">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Elements">Elements</span></h3>
<div class="rellink relarticle mainarticle">Main article: <a href="/wiki/HTML_element" title="HTML element">HTML element</a></div>

<p>HTML documents are composed entirely of <b>HTML elements</b> that, in their most general form have three components: a pair of <i><b>tags</b></i>, a "start tag" and "end tag"; some <i><b>attributes</b></i> within the start tag; and finally, any textual and graphical <i>content</i> between the start and end tags, perhaps including other nested elements. The <b>HTML element</b> is everything between and including the start and end tags. Each <b>tag</b> is enclosed in angle brackets.</p>

<p>The general form of an <b>HTML element</b> is therefore: <code>&lt;tag attribute1="value1" attribute2="value2"&gt;<i>content</i>&lt;/tag&gt;</code>. Some HTML elements are defined as <i>empty elements</i> and take the form <code>&lt;tag attribute1="value1" attribute2="value2" &gt;</code>. Empty elements may enclose no content. The name of an HTML element is the name used in the tags. Note that the end tag's name is preceded by a slash character, "/", and that in empty elements the slash does not appear. If attributes are not mentioned, default values are used in each case.</p>
<h4><span class="editsection">[<a href="/w/index.php?title=HTML&amp;action=edit&amp;section=10" title="Edit section: Element examples">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Element_examples">Element examples</span></h4>

<p>Header of the HTML document:&lt;head&gt;...&lt;/head&gt;. Usually the title should be included in the head, for example:</p>
<div dir="ltr" class="mw-geshi" style="text-align: left;">
<div class="html4strict source-html4strict">
<pre class="de1">
<span class="sc2">&lt;<span class="kw2">head</span>&gt;</span>
  <span class="sc2">&lt;<span class="kw2">title</span>&gt;</span>The title<span class="sc2">&lt;<span class="sy0">/</span><span class="kw2">title</span>&gt;</span>

<span class="sc2">&lt;<span class="sy0">/</span><span class="kw2">head</span>&gt;</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>Headings: HTML headings are defined with the &lt;h1&gt; to &lt;h6&gt; tags:</p>
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<div class="html4strict source-html4strict">
<pre class="de1">
<span class="sc2">&lt;<span class="kw2">h1</span>&gt;</span>Heading1<span class="sc2">&lt;<span class="sy0">/</span><span class="kw2">h1</span>&gt;</span>

<span class="sc2">&lt;<span class="kw2">h2</span>&gt;</span>Heading2<span class="sc2">&lt;<span class="sy0">/</span><span class="kw2">h2</span>&gt;</span>
<span class="sc2">&lt;<span class="kw2">h3</span>&gt;</span>Heading3<span class="sc2">&lt;<span class="sy0">/</span><span class="kw2">h3</span>&gt;</span>
<span class="sc2">&lt;<span class="kw2">h4</span>&gt;</span>Heading4<span class="sc2">&lt;<span class="sy0">/</span><span class="kw2">h4</span>&gt;</span>
<span class="sc2">&lt;<span class="kw2">h5</span>&gt;</span>Heading5<span class="sc2">&lt;<span class="sy0">/</span><span class="kw2">h5</span>&gt;</span>

<span class="sc2">&lt;<span class="kw2">h6</span>&gt;</span>Heading6<span class="sc2">&lt;<span class="sy0">/</span><span class="kw2">h6</span>&gt;</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>Paragraphs:</p>
<div dir="ltr" class="mw-geshi" style="text-align: left;">
<div class="html4strict source-html4strict">
<pre class="de1">
<span class="sc2">&lt;<span class="kw2">p</span>&gt;</span>Paragraph 1<span class="sc2">&lt;<span class="sy0">/</span><span class="kw2">p</span>&gt;</span>  <span class="sc2">&lt;<span class="kw2">p</span>&gt;</span>Paragraph 2<span class="sc2">&lt;<span class="sy0">/</span><span class="kw2">p</span>&gt;</span>

</pre></div>
</div>
<p>Line breaks:&lt;br&gt;. The difference between &lt;br&gt; and &lt;p&gt; is that 'br' breaks a line without altering the semantic structure of the page, whereas 'p' sections the page into paragraphs. Note also that 'br' is an <i>empty element</i> in that, while it may have attributes, it can take no content and it does not have to have an end tag.</p>
<div dir="ltr" class="mw-geshi" style="text-align: left;">
<div class="html4strict source-html4strict">

<pre class="de1">
<span class="sc2">&lt;<span class="kw2">p</span>&gt;</span>This <span class="sc2">&lt;<span class="kw2">br</span>&gt;</span> is a paragraph <span class="sc2">&lt;<span class="kw2">br</span>&gt;</span> with <span class="sc2">&lt;<span class="kw2">br</span>&gt;</span> line breaks<span class="sc2">&lt;<span class="sy0">/</span><span class="kw2">p</span>&gt;</span>
</pre></div>
</div>

<p>Comments:</p>
<div dir="ltr" class="mw-geshi" style="text-align: left;">
<div class="html4strict source-html4strict">
<pre class="de1">
<span class="sc-1">&lt;!-- This is a comment --&gt;</span>
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<p>Comments can help understanding of the markup and do not display in the webpage.</p>
<p>There are several types of markup elements used in HTML.</p>
<dl>
<dt>Structural markup describes the purpose of text</dt>
<dd>For example, <code>&lt;h2&gt;Golf&lt;/h2&gt;</code> establishes "Golf" as a second-level <a href="/wiki/Heading" title="Heading">heading</a>. Structural markup does not denote any specific rendering, but most web browsers have default styles for element formatting. Content may be further styled using <a href="/wiki/Cascading_Style_Sheets" title="Cascading Style Sheets">Cascading Style Sheets</a> (CSS).</dd>

<dt>Presentational markup describes the appearance of the text, regardless of its purpose</dt>
<dd>For example <code>&lt;b&gt;boldface&lt;/b&gt;</code> indicates that visual output devices should render "boldface" in bold text, but gives little indication what devices that are unable to do this (such as aural devices that read the text aloud) should do. In the case of both <code>&lt;b&gt;bold&lt;/b&gt;</code> and <code>&lt;i&gt;italic&lt;/i&gt;</code>, there are other elements that may have equivalent visual renderings but which are more semantic in nature, such as <code>&lt;strong&gt;strong text&lt;/strong&gt;</code> and <code>&lt;em&gt;emphasised text&lt;/em&gt;</code> respectively. It is easier to see how an aural user agent should interpret the latter two elements. However, they are not equivalent to their presentational counterparts: it would be undesirable for a screen-reader to emphasize the name of a book, for instance, but on a screen such a name would be italicized. Most presentational markup elements have become <a href="/wiki/Deprecation" title="Deprecation">deprecated</a> under the HTML 4.0 specification, in favor of using <a href="/wiki/Cascading_Style_Sheets" title="Cascading Style Sheets">CSS</a> for styling.</dd>

<dt>Hypertext markup makes parts of a document into links to other documents</dt>
<dd>An anchor element creates a <a href="/wiki/Hyperlink" title="Hyperlink">hyperlink</a> in the document and its <code>href</code> attribute sets the link's target <a href="/wiki/Uniform_Resource_Locator" title="Uniform Resource Locator">URL</a>. For example the HTML markup, <code>&lt;a&#160;href="http://en.wikipedia.org/"&gt;Wikipedia&lt;/a&gt;</code>, will render the word "<span class="plainlinks"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/" class="external text" rel="nofollow">Wikipedia</a></span>" as a hyperlink. To render an image as a hyperlink, an 'img' element is inserted as content into the 'a' element. Like 'br', 'img' is an empty element with attributes but no content or closing tag. <code>&lt;a href="http://example.org"&gt;&lt;img src="image.gif" alt="descriptive text" width="50" height="50" border="0"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;</code>.</dd>

</dl>
<h4><span class="editsection">[<a href="/w/index.php?title=HTML&amp;action=edit&amp;section=11" title="Edit section: Attributes">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Attributes">Attributes</span></h4>
<p>Most of the attributes of an element are <a href="/wiki/Attribute-value_pair" title="Attribute-value pair">name-value pairs</a>, separated by "=" and written within the start tag of an element after the element's name. The value may be enclosed in single or double quotes, although values consisting of certain characters can be left unquoted in HTML (but not XHTML).<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span>[</span>42<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span>[</span>43<span>]</span></a></sup> Leaving attribute values unquoted is considered unsafe.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span>[</span>44<span>]</span></a></sup> In contrast with name-value pair attributes, there are some attributes that affect the element simply by their presence in the start tag of the element,<sup id="cite_ref-tagshtml_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tagshtml-4"><span>[</span>5<span>]</span></a></sup> like the <code>ismap</code> attribute for the <code>img</code> element.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span>[</span>45<span>]</span></a></sup></p>

<p>There are several common attributes that may appear in many elements:</p>
<ul>
<li>The <code>id</code> attribute provides a document-wide unique identifier for an element. This is used to identify the element so that stylesheets can alter its presentational properties, and scripts may alter, animate or delete its contents or presentation. Appended to the URL of the page, it provides a globally unique identifier for the element, typically a sub-section of the page. For example, the ID "Attributes" in <code>http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTML#Attributes</code></li>
<li>The <code>class</code> attribute provides a way of classifying similar elements. This can be used for <a href="/wiki/Semantics" title="Semantics">semantic</a> or presentation purposes. For example, an HTML document might semantically use the designation <code>class="notation"</code> to indicate that all elements with this class value are subordinate to the main text of the document. In presentation, such elements might be gathered together and presented as footnotes on a page instead of appearing in the place where they occur in the HTML source. Class attributes are used semantically in <a href="/wiki/Microformat" title="Microformat">microformats</a>. Multiple class values may be specified; for example <code>class="notation important"</code> puts the element into both the 'notation' and the 'important' classes.</li>

<li>An author may use the <code>style</code> attribute to assign presentational properties to a particular element. It is considered better practice to use an element's <code>id</code> or <code>class</code> attributes to select the element from within a stylesheet, though sometimes this can be too cumbersome for a simple, specific, or ad hoc styling.</li>
<li>The <code>title</code> attribute is used to attach subtextual explanation to an element. In most browsers this attribute is displayed as a <a href="/wiki/Tooltip" title="Tooltip">tooltip</a>.</li>

<li>The <code>lang</code> attribute identifies the natural language of the element's contents, which may be different from that of the rest of the document. For example, in an English-language document:
<div dir="ltr" class="mw-geshi" style="text-align: left;">
<div class="html4strict source-html4strict">
<pre class="de1">
<span class="sc2">&lt;<span class="kw2">p</span>&gt;</span>Oh well, <span class="sc2">&lt;<span class="kw2">span</span> <span class="kw3">lang</span><span class="sy0">=</span><span class="st0">"fr"</span>&gt;</span>c'est la vie<span class="sc2">&lt;<span class="sy0">/</span><span class="kw2">span</span>&gt;</span>, as they say in France.<span class="sc2">&lt;<span class="sy0">/</span><span class="kw2">p</span>&gt;</span>

</pre></div>
</div>
</li>
</ul>
<p>The abbreviation element, <code>abbr</code>, can be used to demonstrate some of these attributes:</p>
<div dir="ltr" class="mw-geshi" style="text-align: left;">
<div class="html4strict source-html4strict">
<pre class="de1">
<span class="sc2">&lt;<span class="kw2">abbr</span> <span class="kw3">id</span><span class="sy0">=</span><span class="st0">"anId"</span> <span class="kw3">class</span><span class="sy0">=</span><span class="st0">"jargon"</span> <span class="kw3">style</span><span class="sy0">=</span><span class="st0">"color:purple;"</span> <span class="kw3">title</span><span class="sy0">=</span><span class="st0">"Hypertext Markup Language"</span>&gt;</span>HTML<span class="sc2">&lt;<span class="sy0">/</span><span class="kw2">abbr</span>&gt;</span>

</pre></div>
</div>
<p>This example displays as <abbr id="anId" class="jargon" style="color:purple;" title="Hypertext Markup Language">HTML</abbr>; in most browsers, pointing the cursor at the abbreviation should display the title text "Hypertext Markup Language."</p>
<p>Most elements also take the language-related attribute <code>dir</code> to specify text direction, such as with "rtl" for right-to-left text in, for example, <a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a> or <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span>[</span>46<span>]</span></a></sup></p>

<h3><span class="editsection">[<a href="/w/index.php?title=HTML&amp;action=edit&amp;section=12" title="Edit section: Character and entity references">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Character_and_entity_references">Character and entity references</span></h3>
<div class="rellink boilerplate seealso">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_XML_and_HTML_character_entity_references" title="List of XML and HTML character entity references">List of XML and HTML character entity references</a>&#160;and <a href="/wiki/Unicode_and_HTML" title="Unicode and HTML">Unicode and HTML</a></div>
<p>As of version 4.0, HTML defines a set of 252 <a href="/wiki/Character_entity_reference" title="Character entity reference">character entity references</a> and a set of 1,114,050 <a href="/wiki/Numeric_character_reference" title="Numeric character reference">numeric character references</a>, both of which allow individual characters to be written via simple markup, rather than literally. A literal character and its markup counterpart are considered equivalent and are rendered identically.</p>

<p>The ability to "escape" characters in this way allows for the characters <code>&lt;</code> and <code>&amp;</code> (when written as <code>&amp;lt;</code> and <code>&amp;amp;</code>, respectively) to be interpreted as character data, rather than markup. For example, a literal <code>&lt;</code> normally indicates the start of a tag, and <code>&amp;</code> normally indicates the start of a character entity reference or numeric character reference; writing it as <code>&amp;amp;</code> or <code>&amp;#x26;</code> or <code>&amp;#38;</code> allows <code>&amp;</code> to be included in the content of an element or in the value of an attribute. The double-quote character (<code>"</code>), when used to quote an attribute value, must also be escaped as <code>&amp;quot;</code> or <code>&amp;#x22;</code> or <code>&amp;#34;</code> when it appears within the attribute value itself. Equivalently, the single-quote character (<code>'</code>), when used to quote an attribute value, must also be escaped as <code>&amp;#x27;</code> or <code>&amp;#39;</code> (not as <code>&amp;apos;</code> except in XHTML documents<sup id="cite_ref-aposhtml_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-aposhtml-46"><span>[</span>47<span>]</span></a></sup>) when it appears within the attribute value itself. If document authors overlook the need to escape such characters, some browsers can be very forgiving and try to use context to guess their intent. The result is still invalid markup, which makes the document less accessible to other browsers and to other <a href="/wiki/User_agent" title="User agent">user agents</a> that may try to parse the document for <a href="/wiki/Web_crawler" title="Web crawler">search and indexing</a> purposes for example.</p>

<p>Escaping also allows for characters that are not easily typed, or that are not available in the document's <a href="/wiki/Character_encoding" title="Character encoding">character encoding</a>, to be represented within element and attribute content. For example, the acute-accented <code>e</code> (<code>é</code>), a character typically found only on Western European keyboards, can be written in any HTML document as the entity reference <code>&amp;eacute;</code> or as the numeric references <code>&amp;#233;</code> or <code>&amp;#xE9;</code>, using characters that are available on all keyboards and are supported in all character encodings. <a href="/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a> character encodings such as <a href="/wiki/UTF-8" title="UTF-8">UTF-8</a> are compatible with all modern browsers and allow direct access to almost all the characters of the world's writing systems.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span>[</span>48<span>]</span></a></sup></p>

<h3><span class="editsection">[<a href="/w/index.php?title=HTML&amp;action=edit&amp;section=13" title="Edit section: Data types">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Data_types">Data types</span></h3>
<p>HTML defines several <a href="/wiki/Data_type" title="Data type">data types</a> for element content, such as script data and stylesheet data, and a plethora of types for attribute values, including IDs, names, URIs, numbers, units of length, languages, media descriptors, colors, character encodings, dates and times, and so on. All of these data types are specializations of character data.</p>
<h3><span class="editsection">[<a href="/w/index.php?title=HTML&amp;action=edit&amp;section=14" title="Edit section: Document type declaration">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Document_type_declaration">Document type declaration</span></h3>

<p>HTML documents are required to start with a <a href="/wiki/Document_Type_Declaration" title="Document Type Declaration">Document Type Declaration</a> (informally, a "doctype"). In browsers, the doctype helps to define the rendering mode—particularly whether to use <a href="/wiki/Quirks_mode" title="Quirks mode">quirks mode</a>.</p>
<p>The original purpose of the doctype was to enable parsing and validation of HTML documents by SGML tools based on the <a href="/wiki/Document_Type_Definition" title="Document Type Definition">Document Type Definition</a> (DTD). The DTD to which the DOCTYPE refers contains a machine-readable grammar specifying the permitted and prohibited content for a document conforming to such a DTD. Browsers, on the other hand, do not implement HTML as an application of SGML and by consequence do not read the DTD. <a href="/wiki/HTML5" title="HTML5">HTML5</a> does not define a DTD, because of the technology's inherent limitations, so in HTML5 the doctype declaration, <code>&lt;!doctype html&gt;</code>, does not refer to a DTD.</p>

<p>An example of an HTML 4 doctype is</p>
<div dir="ltr" class="mw-geshi" style="text-align: left;">
<div class="html4strict source-html4strict">
<pre class="de1">
<span class="sc0">&lt;!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/html4/strict.dtd"&gt;</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>This declaration references the DTD for the 'strict' version of HTML 4.01. SGML-based validators read the DTD in order to properly parse the document and to perform validation. In modern browsers, a valid doctype activates standards mode as opposed to <a href="/wiki/Quirks_mode" title="Quirks mode">quirks mode</a>.</p>
<p>In addition, HTML 4.01 provides Transitional and Frameset DTDs, <a href="#Transitional_versus_strict">as explained below</a>.</p>

<h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="/w/index.php?title=HTML&amp;action=edit&amp;section=15" title="Edit section: Semantic HTML">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Semantic_HTML">Semantic HTML</span></h2>
<div class="rellink relarticle mainarticle">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Semantic_HTML" title="Semantic HTML">Semantic HTML</a></div>
<p>Semantic HTML is a way of writing HTML that emphasizes the meaning of the encoded information over its presentation (look). HTML has included semantic markup from its inception,<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span>[</span>49<span>]</span></a></sup> but has also included presentational markup such as <code>&lt;font&gt;</code>, <code>&lt;i&gt;</code> and <code>&lt;center&gt;</code> tags. There are also the semantically neutral <a href="/wiki/Span_and_div" title="Span and div">span and div</a> tags. Since the late 1990s when <a href="/wiki/Cascading_Style_Sheets" title="Cascading Style Sheets">Cascading Style Sheets</a> were beginning to work in most browsers, web authors have been encouraged to avoid the use of presentational HTML markup with a view to the <a href="/wiki/Separation_of_presentation_and_content" title="Separation of presentation and content">separation of presentation and content</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span>[</span>50<span>]</span></a></sup></p>

<p>In a 2001 discussion of the <a href="/wiki/Semantic_Web" title="Semantic Web">Semantic Web</a>, Tim Berners-Lee and others gave examples of ways in which intelligent software 'agents' may one day automatically trawl the Web and find, filter and correlate previously unrelated, published facts for the benefit of human users.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span>[</span>51<span>]</span></a></sup> Such agents are not commonplace even now, but some of the ideas of <a href="/wiki/Web_2.0" title="Web 2.0">Web 2.0</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mashup_(web_application_hybrid)" title="Mashup (web application hybrid)">mashups</a> and <a href="/wiki/Price_comparison_service" title="Price comparison service">price comparison websites</a> may be coming close. The main difference between these web application hybrids and Berners-Lee's semantic agents lies in the fact that the current <a href="/wiki/Feed_aggregator" title="Feed aggregator" class="mw-redirect">aggregation</a> and hybridisation of information is usually designed in by web developers, who already know the web locations and the <a href="/wiki/Application_programming_interface" title="Application programming interface">API semantics</a> of the specific data they wish to mash, compare and combine.</p>

<p>An important type of web agent that does trawl and read web pages automatically, without prior knowledge of what it might find, is the <a href="/wiki/Web_crawler" title="Web crawler">Web crawler</a> or search-engine spider. These software agents are dependent on the semantic clarity of web pages they find as they use various techniques and <a href="/wiki/Algorithm" title="Algorithm">algorithms</a> to read and index millions of web pages a day and provide web users with <a href="/wiki/Web_search_engine" title="Web search engine">search facilities</a> without which the World Wide Web would be only a fraction of its current usefulness.</p>
<p>In order for search-engine spiders to be able to rate the significance of pieces of text they find in HTML documents, and also for those creating mashups and other hybrids as well as for more automated agents as they are developed, the semantic structures that exist in HTML need to be widely and uniformly applied to bring out the meaning of published text.<sup id="cite_ref-Semantic_Web_Revisted_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Semantic_Web_Revisted-51"><span>[</span>52<span>]</span></a></sup></p>
<p>Presentational markup tags are <a href="/wiki/Deprecation" title="Deprecation">deprecated</a> in current HTML and XHTML recommendations and are illegal in HTML5.</p>

<p>Good semantic HTML also improves the <a href="/wiki/Accessibility" title="Accessibility">accessibility</a> of web documents (see also <a href="/wiki/Web_Content_Accessibility_Guidelines" title="Web Content Accessibility Guidelines">Web Content Accessibility Guidelines</a>). For example, when a screen reader or audio browser can correctly ascertain the structure of a document, it will not waste the visually impaired user's time by reading out repeated or irrelevant information when it has been marked up correctly.</p>
<h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="/w/index.php?title=HTML&amp;action=edit&amp;section=16" title="Edit section: Delivery">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Delivery">Delivery</span></h2>
<p>HTML documents can be delivered by the same means as any other computer file. However, they are most often delivered either by <a href="/wiki/Hypertext_Transfer_Protocol" title="Hypertext Transfer Protocol">HTTP</a> from a <a href="/wiki/Web_server" title="Web server">web server</a> or by <a href="/wiki/Email" title="Email">email</a>.</p>

<h3><span class="editsection">[<a href="/w/index.php?title=HTML&amp;action=edit&amp;section=17" title="Edit section: HTTP">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="HTTP">HTTP</span></h3>
<div class="rellink relarticle mainarticle">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Hypertext_Transfer_Protocol" title="Hypertext Transfer Protocol">Hypertext Transfer Protocol</a></div>
<p>The <a href="/wiki/World_Wide_Web" title="World Wide Web">World Wide Web</a> is composed primarily of HTML documents transmitted from web servers to web browsers using the <a href="/wiki/Hypertext_Transfer_Protocol" title="Hypertext Transfer Protocol">Hypertext Transfer Protocol</a> (HTTP). However, HTTP is used to serve images, sound, and other content, in addition to HTML. To allow the Web browser to know how to handle each document it receives, other information is transmitted along with the document. This <a href="/wiki/Meta_data" title="Meta data" class="mw-redirect">meta data</a> usually includes the <a href="/wiki/MIME_type" title="MIME type" class="mw-redirect">MIME type</a> (e.g. <tt>text/html</tt> or <tt>application/xhtml+xml</tt>) and the character encoding (see <a href="/wiki/Character_encoding_in_HTML" title="Character encoding in HTML" class="mw-redirect">Character encoding in HTML</a>).</p>

<p>In modern browsers, the MIME type that is sent with the HTML document may affect how the document is initially interpreted. A document sent with the XHTML MIME type is expected to be <a href="/wiki/XML#Well-formed_documents" title="XML">well-formed</a> XML; syntax errors may cause the browser to fail to render it. The same document sent with the HTML MIME type might be displayed successfully, since some browsers are more lenient with HTML.</p>
<p>The W3C recommendations state that XHTML 1.0 documents that follow guidelines set forth in the recommendation's Appendix C may be labeled with either MIME Type.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span>[</span>53<span>]</span></a></sup> The current XHTML 1.1 Working Draft also states that XHTML 1.1 documents should<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span>[</span>54<span>]</span></a></sup> be labeled with either MIME type.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span>[</span>55<span>]</span></a></sup></p>

<h3><span class="editsection">[<a href="/w/index.php?title=HTML&amp;action=edit&amp;section=18" title="Edit section: HTML e-mail">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="HTML_e-mail">HTML e-mail</span></h3>
<div class="rellink relarticle mainarticle">Main article: <a href="/wiki/HTML_email" title="HTML email" class="mw-redirect">HTML email</a></div>
<p>Most graphical email clients allow the use of a subset of HTML (often ill-defined) to provide formatting and <a href="/wiki/Semantic_web" title="Semantic web" class="mw-redirect">semantic</a> markup not available with <a href="/wiki/Plain_text" title="Plain text">plain text</a>. This may include typographic information like coloured headings, emphasized and quoted text, inline images and diagrams. Many such clients include both a <a href="/wiki/Graphical_user_interface" title="Graphical user interface">GUI</a> editor for composing HTML e-mail messages and a rendering engine for displaying them. Use of HTML in e-mail is controversial because of compatibility issues, because it can help disguise <a href="/wiki/Phishing" title="Phishing">phishing</a> attacks, because it can confuse <a href="/wiki/E-Mail_spam" title="E-Mail spam" class="mw-redirect">spam</a> filters and because the message size is larger than plain text.</p>

<h3><span class="editsection">[<a href="/w/index.php?title=HTML&amp;action=edit&amp;section=19" title="Edit section: Naming conventions">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Naming_conventions">Naming conventions</span></h3>
<p>The most common <a href="/wiki/Filename_extension" title="Filename extension">filename extension</a> for <a href="/wiki/Computer_file" title="Computer file">files</a> containing HTML is <tt>.html</tt>. A common abbreviation of this is <tt>.htm</tt>, which originated because some early operating systems and file systems, such as <a href="/wiki/DOS" title="DOS">DOS</a> and <a href="/wiki/File_Allocation_Table" title="File Allocation Table">FAT</a>, limited file extensions to <a href="/wiki/8.3_filename" title="8.3 filename">three letters</a>.</p>

<h3><span class="editsection">[<a href="/w/index.php?title=HTML&amp;action=edit&amp;section=20" title="Edit section: HTML Application">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="HTML_Application">HTML Application</span></h3>
<div class="rellink relarticle mainarticle">Main article: <a href="/wiki/HTML_Application" title="HTML Application">HTML Application</a></div>
<p>An HTML Application (HTA; file extension ".hta") is a <a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Windows" title="Microsoft Windows">Microsoft Windows</a> application that uses HTML and Dynamic HTML in a browser to provide the application's graphical interface. A regular HTML file is confined to the security model of the web browser, communicating only to web servers and manipulating only webpage objects and <a href="/wiki/HTTP_cookie" title="HTTP cookie">site cookies</a>. An HTA runs as a fully trusted application and therefore has more privileges, like creation/editing/removal of files and <a href="/wiki/Windows_Registry" title="Windows Registry">Windows Registry</a> entries. Because they operate outside the browser's security model, HTAs cannot be executed via HTTP, but must be downloaded (just like an <a href="/wiki/EXE" title="EXE">EXE file</a>) and executed from local file system.</p>

<h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="/w/index.php?title=HTML&amp;action=edit&amp;section=21" title="Edit section: Current variations">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Current_variations">Current variations</span></h2>
<div class="quotebox" style="float: right; clear: right; margin: 0.5em 0 0.8em 1.4em; width: 200px; padding: 6px; border: 1px solid #aaa; font-size: 88%; background-color: #F9F9F9;">
<div style="position: relative; text-align: left;">
<div>
<p>HTML is precisely what we were trying to PREVENT— ever-breaking links, links going outward only, quotes you can't follow to their origins, no version management, no rights management.</p>
</div>
</div>
<div style="text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Ted_Nelson" title="Ted Nelson">Ted Nelson</a><sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span>[</span>56<span>]</span></a></sup></div>

</div>
<p>Since its inception, HTML and its associated protocols gained acceptance relatively quickly. However, no clear standards existed in the early years of the language. Though its creators originally conceived of HTML as a semantic language devoid of presentation details,<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span>[</span>57<span>]</span></a></sup> practical uses pushed many presentational elements and attributes into the language, driven largely by the various browser vendors. The latest standards surrounding HTML reflect efforts to overcome the sometimes chaotic development of the language<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span>[</span>58<span>]</span></a></sup> and to create a rational foundation for building both meaningful and well-presented documents. To return HTML to its role as a semantic language, the <a href="/wiki/World_Wide_Web_Consortium" title="World Wide Web Consortium">W3C</a> has developed style languages such as <a href="/wiki/Cascading_Style_Sheets" title="Cascading Style Sheets">CSS</a> and <a href="/wiki/Extensible_Stylesheet_Language" title="Extensible Stylesheet Language" class="mw-redirect">XSL</a> to shoulder the burden of presentation. In conjunction, the HTML specification has slowly reined in the presentational elements.</p>

<p>There are two axes differentiating various variations of HTML as currently specified: SGML-based HTML versus XML-based HTML (referred to as XHTML) on one axis, and strict versus transitional (loose) versus frameset on the other axis.</p>
<h3><span class="editsection">[<a href="/w/index.php?title=HTML&amp;action=edit&amp;section=22" title="Edit section: SGML-based versus XML-based HTML">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="SGML-based_versus_XML-based_HTML">SGML-based versus XML-based HTML</span></h3>
<p>One difference in the latest HTML specifications lies in the distinction between the SGML-based specification and the XML-based specification. The XML-based specification is usually called <a href="/wiki/XHTML" title="XHTML">XHTML</a> to distinguish it clearly from the more traditional definition. However, the root element name continues to be 'html' even in the XHTML-specified HTML. The W3C intended XHTML 1.0 to be identical to HTML 4.01 except where limitations of XML over the more complex SGML require workarounds. Because XHTML and HTML are closely related, they are sometimes documented in parallel. In such circumstances, some authors <a href="/wiki/XHTML#Relationship_to_HTML" title="XHTML">conflate the two names</a> as (X)HTML or X(HTML).</p>
<p>Like HTML 4.01, XHTML 1.0 has three sub-specifications: strict, transitional and frameset.</p>

<p>Aside from the different opening declarations for a document, the differences between an HTML 4.01 and XHTML 1.0 document—in each of the corresponding DTDs—are largely syntactic. The underlying syntax of HTML allows many shortcuts that XHTML does not, such as elements with optional opening or closing tags, and even EMPTY elements which must not have an end tag. By contrast, XHTML requires all elements to have an opening tag and a closing tag. XHTML, however, also introduces a new shortcut: an XHTML tag may be opened and closed within the same tag, by including a slash before the end of the tag like this: <code>&lt;br/&gt;</code>. The introduction of this shorthand, which is not used in the SGML declaration for HTML 4.01, may confuse earlier software unfamiliar with this new convention. A fix for this is to include a space before closing the tag, as such: <code>&lt;br /&gt;</code>.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span>[</span>59<span>]</span></a></sup></p>
<p>To understand the subtle differences between HTML and XHTML, consider the transformation of a valid and well-formed XHTML 1.0 document that adheres to Appendix C (see below) into a valid HTML 4.01 document. To make this translation requires the following steps:</p>
<ol>
<li><b>The language for an element should be specified with a <code>lang</code> attribute rather than the XHTML <code>xml:lang</code> attribute.</b> XHTML uses XML's built in language-defining functionality attribute.</li>

<li><b>Remove the XML namespace (<code>xmlns=URI</code>).</b> HTML has no facilities for namespaces.</li>
<li><b>Change the document type declaration</b> from XHTML 1.0 to HTML 4.01. (see <a href="#Document_type_declaration">DTD section</a> for further explanation).</li>
<li>If present, <b>remove the XML declaration.</b> (Typically this is: <code>&lt;?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?&gt;</code>).</li>

<li><b>Ensure that the document's MIME type is set to <code>text/html</code>.</b> For both HTML and XHTML, this comes from the HTTP <code>Content-Type</code> header sent by the server.</li>
<li><b>Change the XML empty-element syntax to an HTML style empty element</b> (<code>&lt;br/&gt;</code> to <code>&lt;br&gt;</code>).</li>

</ol>
<p>Those are the main changes necessary to translate a document from XHTML 1.0 to HTML 4.01. To translate from HTML to XHTML would also require the addition of any omitted opening or closing tags. Whether coding in HTML or XHTML it may just be best to always include the optional tags within an HTML document rather than remembering which tags can be omitted.</p>
<p>A well-formed XHTML document adheres to all the syntax requirements of XML. A valid document adheres to the content specification for XHTML, which describes the document structure.</p>
<p>The W3C recommends several conventions to ensure an easy migration between HTML and XHTML (see <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/#guidelines" class="external text" rel="nofollow">HTML Compatibility Guidelines</a>). The following steps can be applied to XHTML 1.0 documents only:</p>
<ul>
<li>Include both <code>xml:lang</code> and <code>lang</code> attributes on any elements assigning language.</li>

<li>Use the empty-element syntax only for elements specified as empty in HTML.</li>
<li>Include an extra space in empty-element tags: for example <code>&lt;br&#160;/&gt;</code> instead of <code>&lt;br/&gt;</code>.</li>
<li>Include explicit close tags for elements that permit content but are left empty (for example, <code>&lt;div&gt;</code><code>&lt;/div&gt;</code>, not <code>&lt;div /&gt;</code>).</li>

<li>Omit the XML declaration.</li>
</ul>
<p>By carefully following the W3C's compatibility guidelines, a user agent should be able to interpret the document equally as HTML or XHTML. For documents that are XHTML 1.0 and have been made compatible in this way, the W3C permits them to be served either as HTML (with a <code>text/html</code> <a href="/wiki/MIME_type" title="MIME type" class="mw-redirect">MIME type</a>), or as XHTML (with an <code>application/xhtml+xml</code> or <code>application/xml</code> MIME type). When delivered as XHTML, browsers should use an XML parser, which adheres strictly to the XML specifications for parsing the document's contents.</p>
<h3><span class="editsection">[<a href="/w/index.php?title=HTML&amp;action=edit&amp;section=23" title="Edit section: Transitional versus strict">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Transitional_versus_strict">Transitional versus strict</span></h3>

<p>HTML 4 defined three different versions of the language: Strict, Transitional (once called Loose) and Frameset. The Strict version is intended for new documents and is considered best practice, while the Transitional and Frameset versions were developed to make it easier to transition documents that conformed to older HTML specification or didn't conform to any specification to a version of HTML 4. The Transitional and Frameset versions allow for <a href="/w/index.php?title=Presentational_markup&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Presentational markup (page does not exist)">presentational markup</a>, which is omitted in the Strict version. Instead, <a href="/wiki/Cascading_style_sheets" title="Cascading style sheets" class="mw-redirect">cascading style sheets</a> are encouraged to improve the presentation of HTML documents. Because XHTML 1 only defines an XML syntax for the language defined by HTML 4, the same differences apply to XHTML 1 as well. The Transitional version allows the following parts of the vocabulary, which are not included in the Strict version:</p>
<ul>
<li><b>A looser content model</b>
<ul>
<li>Inline elements and plain text are allowed directly in: <code>body</code>, <code>blockquote</code>, <code>form</code>, <code>noscript</code> and <code>noframes</code></li>

</ul>
</li>
<li><b>Presentation related elements</b>
<ul>
<li>underline (<code>u</code>)(Deprecated. can confuse a visitor with a hyperlink.)</li>
<li>strike-through (<code>s</code>)</li>
<li><code>center</code>(Deprecated. use CSS instead.)</li>
<li><code>font</code>(Deprecated. use CSS instead.)</li>

<li><code>basefont</code>(Deprecated. use CSS instead.)</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><b>Presentation related attributes</b>
<ul>
<li><code>background</code>(Deprecated. use CSS instead.) and <code>bgcolor</code>(Deprecated. use CSS instead.) attributes for <code>body</code>(required element according to the W3C.) element.</li>
<li><code>align</code>(Deprecated. use CSS instead.) attribute on <code>div</code>, <code>form</code>, paragraph (<code>p</code>) and heading (<code>h1</code>...<code>h6</code>) elements</li>

<li><code>align</code>(Deprecated. use CSS instead.), <code>noshade</code>(Deprecated. use CSS instead.), <code>size</code>(Deprecated. use CSS instead.) and <code>width</code>(Deprecated. use CSS instead.) attributes on <code>hr</code> element</li>
<li><code>align</code>(Deprecated. use CSS instead.), <code>border</code>, <code>vspace</code> and <code>hspace</code> attributes on <code>img</code> and <code>object</code>(caution: the <code>object</code> element is only supported in Internet Explorer(from the major browsers)) elements</li>

<li><code>align</code>(Deprecated. use CSS instead.) attribute on <code>legend</code> and <code>caption</code> elements</li>
<li><code>align</code>(Deprecated. use CSS instead.) and <code>bgcolor</code>(Deprecated. use CSS instead.) on <code>table</code> element</li>

<li><code>nowrap</code>(Obsolete), <code>bgcolor</code>(Deprecated. use CSS instead.), <code>width</code>, <code>height</code> on <code>td</code> and <code>th</code> elements</li>
<li><code>bgcolor</code>(Deprecated. use CSS instead.) attribute on <code>tr</code> element</li>

<li><code>clear</code>(Obsolete) attribute on <code>br</code> element</li>
<li><code>compact</code> attribute on <code>dl</code>, <code>dir</code> and <code>menu</code> elements</li>

<li><code>type</code>(Deprecated. use CSS instead.), <code>compact</code>(Deprecated. use CSS instead.) and <code>start</code>(Deprecated. use CSS instead.) attributes on <code>ol</code> and <code>ul</code> elements</li>
<li><code>type</code> and <code>value</code> attributes on <code>li</code> element</li>

<li><code>width</code> attribute on <code>pre</code> element</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><b>Additional elements in Transitional specification</b>
<ul>
<li><code>menu</code>(Deprecated. use CSS instead.) list (no substitute, though unordered list is recommended)</li>
<li><code>dir</code>(Deprecated. use CSS instead.) list (no substitute, though unordered list is recommended)</li>

<li><code>isindex</code>(Deprecated.) (element requires server-side support and is typically added to documents server-side, <code>form</code> and <code>input</code> elements can be used as a substitute)</li>
<li><code>applet</code> (Deprecated. use the <code>object</code> element instead.)</li>
</ul>

</li>
<li><b>The <code>language</code>(Obsolete) attribute on script element</b> (redundant with the <code>type</code> attribute).</li>
<li><b>Frame related entities</b>
<ul>
<li><code>iframe</code></li>
<li><code>noframes</code></li>

<li><code>target</code>(Deprecated in the <code>map</code>, <code>link</code> and <code>form</code> elements.) attribute on <code>a</code>, client-side image-map (<code>map</code>), <code>link</code>, <code>form</code> and <code>base</code> elements</li>

</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p>The Frameset version includes everything in the Transitional version, as well as the <code>frameset</code> element (used instead of <code>body</code>) and the <code>frame</code> element.</p>
<h3><span class="editsection">[<a href="/w/index.php?title=HTML&amp;action=edit&amp;section=24" title="Edit section: Frameset versus transitional">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Frameset_versus_transitional">Frameset versus transitional</span></h3>

<p>In addition to the above transitional differences, the frameset specifications (whether XHTML 1.0 or HTML 4.01) specifies a different content model, with <code>frameset</code> replacing <code>body</code>, that contains either <code>frame</code> elements, or optionally <code>noframes</code> with a <code>body</code>.</p>
<h3><span class="editsection">[<a href="/w/index.php?title=HTML&amp;action=edit&amp;section=25" title="Edit section: Summary of specification versions">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Summary_of_specification_versions">Summary of specification versions</span></h3>

<p>As this list demonstrates, the loose versions of the specification are maintained for legacy support. However, contrary to popular misconceptions, the move to XHTML does not imply a removal of this legacy support. Rather the X in XML stands for extensible and the W3C is modularizing the entire specification and opening it up to independent extensions. The primary achievement in the move from XHTML 1.0 to XHTML 1.1 is the modularization of the entire specification. The strict version of HTML is deployed in XHTML 1.1 through a set of modular extensions to the base XHTML 1.1 specification. Likewise, someone looking for the loose (transitional) or frameset specifications will find similar extended XHTML 1.1 support (much of it is contained in the legacy or frame modules). The modularization also allows for separate features to develop on their own timetable. So for example, XHTML 1.1 will allow quicker migration to emerging XML standards such as <a href="/wiki/MathML" title="MathML">MathML</a> (a presentational and semantic math language based on XML) and <a href="/wiki/XForms" title="XForms">XForms</a>—a new highly advanced web-form technology to replace the existing HTML forms.</p>
<p>In summary, the HTML 4.01 specification primarily reined in all the various HTML implementations into a single clearly written specification based on SGML. XHTML 1.0, ported this specification, as is, to the new XML defined specification. Next, XHTML 1.1 takes advantage of the extensible nature of XML and modularizes the whole specification. XHTML 2.0 will be the first step in adding new features to the specification in a standards-body-based approach.</p>
<h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="/w/index.php?title=HTML&amp;action=edit&amp;section=26" title="Edit section: Hypertext features not in HTML">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Hypertext_features_not_in_HTML">Hypertext features not in HTML</span></h2>
<p>HTML lacks some of the features found in earlier hypertext systems, such as <a href="/wiki/Typed_link" title="Typed link">typed links</a>, <a href="/wiki/Source_tracking" title="Source tracking">source tracking</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fat_link" title="Fat link">fat links</a> and others.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span>[</span>60<span>]</span></a></sup> Even some hypertext features that were in early versions of HTML have been ignored by most popular web browsers until recently, such as the link element and in-browser Web page editing.</p>

<p>Sometimes Web services or browser manufacturers remedy these shortcomings. For instance, <a href="/wiki/Wiki" title="Wiki">wikis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Content_management_system" title="Content management system">content management systems</a> allow surfers to edit the Web pages they visit.</p>
<h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="/w/index.php?title=HTML&amp;action=edit&amp;section=27" title="Edit section: WYSIWYG editors">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="WYSIWYG_editors">WYSIWYG editors</span></h2>
<p>There are some <a href="/wiki/WYSIWYG" title="WYSIWYG">WYSIWYG</a> editors (What You See Is What You Get), in which the user lays out everything as it is to appear in the HTML document using a <a href="/wiki/Graphical_user_interface" title="Graphical user interface">graphical user interface</a> (GUI), where the editor renders this as an HTML document, no longer requiring the author to have extensive knowledge of HTML.</p>

<p>The WYSIWYG editing model has been criticized,<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span>[</span>61<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span>[</span>62<span>]</span></a></sup> primarily because of the low quality of the generated code; there are voices advocating a change to the <a href="/wiki/WYSIWYM" title="WYSIWYM">WYSIWYM</a> model (What You See Is What You Mean).</p>
<p>WYSIWYG editors remains a controversial topic because of their perceived flaws such as:</p>
<ul>
<li>Relying mainly on layout as opposed to meaning, often using markup that does not convey the intended meaning but simply copies the layout.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span>[</span>63<span>]</span></a></sup></li>

<li>Often producing extremely verbose and redundant code that fails to make use of the cascading nature of HTML and <a href="/wiki/CSS" title="CSS" class="mw-redirect">CSS</a>.</li>
<li>Often producing ungrammatical markup often called <a href="/wiki/Tag_soup" title="Tag soup">tag soup</a>.</li>
<li>As a great deal of information of HTML documents is not in the layout, the model has been criticized for its 'what you see is all you get'-nature.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span>[</span>64<span>]</span></a></sup></li>
</ul>
<p>Nevertheless, since WYSIWYG editors offer convenience over hand-coded pages as well as not requiring the author to know the finer details of HTML, they still dominate web authoring.</p>
<h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="/w/index.php?title=HTML&amp;action=edit&amp;section=28" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="See_also">See also</span></h2>

<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Breadcrumb_(navigation)" title="Breadcrumb (navigation)">Breadcrumb (navigation)</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/HTML_decimal_character_rendering" title="HTML decimal character rendering">HTML decimal character rendering</a></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/HTML_%26_XHTML:_The_Definitive_Guide_(Fifth_Edition)" title="HTML &amp; XHTML: The Definitive Guide (Fifth Edition)">HTML &amp; XHTML: The Definitive Guide (Fifth Edition)</a></i> (book)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/JHTML" title="JHTML">JHTML</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_document_markup_languages" title="List of document markup languages">List of document markup languages</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Microformat" title="Microformat">Microformat</a></li>

</ul>
<h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="/w/index.php?title=HTML&amp;action=edit&amp;section=29" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="References">References</span></h2>
<div class="reflist references-column-width" style="-moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;">
<ol class="references">
<li id="cite_note-deprecated-0"><b><a href="#cite_ref-deprecated_0-0">^</a></b> <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/html401/conform.html#deprecated" class="external text" rel="nofollow">HTML 4&#160;— Conformance: requirements and recommendations</a></li>
<li id="cite_note-1"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b> Tim Berners-Lee, "Information Management: A Proposal." CERN (March 1989, May 1990). <a href="http://www.w3.org/History/1989/proposal.html" class="external text" rel="nofollow">W3.org</a></li>

<li id="cite_note-2"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b> Tim Berners-Lee, <a href="http://www.w3.org/DesignIssues/" class="external text" rel="nofollow">"Design Issues"</a></li>
<li id="cite_note-3"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b> Tim Berners-Lee, <a href="http://www.w3.org/DesignIssues/Uses.html" class="external text" rel="nofollow">"Design Issues"</a></li>
<li id="cite_note-tagshtml-4">^ <a href="#cite_ref-tagshtml_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-tagshtml_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-tagshtml_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <span class="citation web"><a href="http://www.w3.org/History/19921103-hypertext/hypertext/WWW/MarkUp/Tags.html" class="external text" rel="nofollow">"Tags used in HTML"</a>. World Wide Web Consortium. November 3, 1992<span class="printonly">. <a href="http://www.w3.org/History/19921103-hypertext/hypertext/WWW/MarkUp/Tags.html" class="external free" rel="nofollow">http://www.w3.org/History/19921103-hypertext/hypertext/WWW/MarkUp/Tags.html</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved November 16, 2008</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.btitle=Tags+used+in+HTML&amp;rft.atitle=&amp;rft.date=November+3%2C+1992&amp;rft.pub=World+Wide+Web+Consortium&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2FHistory%2F19921103-hypertext%2Fhypertext%2FWWW%2FMarkUp%2FTags.html&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:HTML"><span style="display: none;">&#160;</span></span></li>

<li id="cite_note-5"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b> <span class="citation web"><a href="http://lists.w3.org/Archives/Public/www-talk/1991SepOct/0003.html" class="external text" rel="nofollow">"First mention of HTML Tags on the www-talk mailing list"</a>. World Wide Web Consortium. October 29, 1991<span class="printonly">. <a href="http://lists.w3.org/Archives/Public/www-talk/1991SepOct/0003.html" class="external free" rel="nofollow">http://lists.w3.org/Archives/Public/www-talk/1991SepOct/0003.html</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved April 8, 2007</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.btitle=First+mention+of+HTML+Tags+on+the+www-talk+mailing+list&amp;rft.atitle=&amp;rft.date=October+29%2C+1991&amp;rft.pub=World+Wide+Web+Consortium&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flists.w3.org%2FArchives%2FPublic%2Fwww-talk%2F1991SepOct%2F0003.html&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:HTML"><span style="display: none;">&#160;</span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-6"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b> <span class="citation web"><a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/1999/REC-html401-19991224/index/elements" class="external text" rel="nofollow">"Index of elements in HTML 4"</a>. World Wide Web Consortium. December 24, 1999<span class="printonly">. <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/1999/REC-html401-19991224/index/elements" class="external free" rel="nofollow">http://www.w3.org/TR/1999/REC-html401-19991224/index/elements</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved April 8, 2007</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.btitle=Index+of+elements+in+HTML+4&amp;rft.atitle=&amp;rft.date=December+24%2C+1999&amp;rft.pub=World+Wide+Web+Consortium&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2FTR%2F1999%2FREC-html401-19991224%2Findex%2Felements&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:HTML"><span style="display: none;">&#160;</span></span></li>

<li id="cite_note-7"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b> <span class="citation web">Tim Berners-Lee (December 9, 1991). <a href="http://lists.w3.org/Archives/Public/www-talk/1991NovDec/0020.html" class="external text" rel="nofollow">"Re: SGML/HTML docs, X Browser (archived www-talk mailing list post)"</a><span class="printonly">. <a href="http://lists.w3.org/Archives/Public/www-talk/1991NovDec/0020.html" class="external free" rel="nofollow">http://lists.w3.org/Archives/Public/www-talk/1991NovDec/0020.html</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved June 16, 2007</span>. "SGML is very general. HTML is a specific application of the SGML basic syntax applied to hypertext documents with simple structure."</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.btitle=Re%3A+SGML%2FHTML+docs%2C+X+Browser+%28archived+www-talk+mailing+list+post%29&amp;rft.atitle=&amp;rft.aulast=Tim+Berners-Lee&amp;rft.au=Tim+Berners-Lee&amp;rft.date=December+9%2C+1991&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flists.w3.org%2FArchives%2FPublic%2Fwww-talk%2F1991NovDec%2F0020.html&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:HTML"><span style="display: none;">&#160;</span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-raymond-8">^ <a href="#cite_ref-raymond_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-raymond_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <span class="citation book">Raymond, Eric. <a href="http://www.faqs.org/docs/artu/ietf_process.html" class="external text" rel="nofollow">"IETF and the RFC Standards Process"</a>. <a href="http://www.faqs.org/docs/artu/" class="external text" rel="nofollow"></a><a href="/wiki/The_Art_of_Unix_Programming" title="The Art of Unix Programming">The Art of Unix Programming</a></span><span class="printonly">. <a href="http://www.faqs.org/docs/artu/ietf_process.html" class="external free" rel="nofollow">http://www.faqs.org/docs/artu/ietf_process.html</a></span>. "In IETF tradition, standards have to arise from experience with a working prototype implementation&#160;— but once they become standards, code that does not conform to them is considered broken and mercilessly scrapped. ...Internet-Drafts are not specifications; software implementers and vendors are specifically barred from claiming compliance with them as if they were specifications. Internet-Drafts are focal points for discussion, usually in a working group... Once an Internet-Draft has been published with an RFC number, it is a specification to which implementers may claim conformance. It is expected that the authors of the RFC and the community at large will begin correcting the specification with field experience."<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.btitle=IETF+and+the+RFC+Standards+Process&amp;rft.atitle=%5B%5BThe+Art+of+Unix+Programming%5D%5D&amp;rft.aulast=Raymond&amp;rft.aufirst=Eric&amp;rft.au=Raymond%2C%26%2332%3BEric&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.faqs.org%2Fdocs%2Fartu%2F&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:HTML"><span style="display: none;">&#160;</span></span></li>

<li id="cite_note-html.2B-9"><b><a href="#cite_ref-html.2B_9-0">^</a></b> <span class="citation web"><a href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/public/idindex.cgi?command=id_detail&amp;id=789" class="external text" rel="nofollow">"HTML+ Internet-Draft&#160;— Abstract"</a><span class="printonly">. <a href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/public/idindex.cgi?command=id_detail&amp;id=789" class="external free" rel="nofollow">https://datatracker.ietf.org/public/idindex.cgi?command=id_detail&amp;id=789</a></span>. "Browser writers are experimenting with extensions to HTML and it is now appropriate to draw these ideas together into a revised document format. The new format is designed to allow a gradual roll over from HTML, adding features like tables, captioned figures and fill-out forms for querying remote databases or mailing questionnaires."</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.btitle=HTML%2B+Internet-Draft%26nbsp%3B%E2%80%94+Abstract&amp;rft.atitle=&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdatatracker.ietf.org%2Fpublic%2Fidindex.cgi%3Fcommand%3Did_detail%26id%3D789&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:HTML"><span style="display: none;">&#160;</span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-10"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b> <span class="citation web">Berners-Lee, Tim; Connolly, Dan (November 1995). <a href="http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc1866.txt" class="external text" rel="nofollow">"RFC 1866: Hypertext Markup Language - 2.0 - Acknowledgments"</a>. Internet Engineering Task Force<span class="printonly">. <a href="http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc1866.txt" class="external free" rel="nofollow">http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc1866.txt</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 1 December 2010</span>. "Since 1993, a wide variety of Internet participants have contributed to the evolution of HTML, which has included the addition of in-line images introduced by the NCSA Mosaic software for WWW. Dave Raggett played an important role in deriving the forms material from the HTML+ specification. Dan Connolly and Karen Olson Muldrow rewrote the HTML Specification in 1994. The document was then edited by the HTML working group as a whole, with updates being made by Eric Schieler, Mike Knezovich and Eric W. Sink at Spyglass, Inc. Finally, Roy Fielding restructured the entire draft into its current form."</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.btitle=RFC+1866%3A+Hypertext+Markup+Language+-+2.0+-+Acknowledgments&amp;rft.atitle=&amp;rft.aulast=Berners-Lee&amp;rft.aufirst=Tim&amp;rft.au=Berners-Lee%2C%26%2332%3BTim&amp;rft.au=Connolly%2C%26%2332%3BDan&amp;rft.date=November+1995&amp;rft.pub=Internet+Engineering+Task+Force&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ietf.org%2Frfc%2Frfc1866.txt&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:HTML"><span style="display: none;">&#160;</span></span></li>

<li id="cite_note-11"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b> <span class="citation web">Berners-Lee, Tim; Connolly, Dan (November 1995). <a href="http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc1866.txt" class="external text" rel="nofollow">"RFC 1866: Hypertext Markup Language - 2.0 - Introduction"</a>. Internet Engineering Task Force<span class="printonly">. <a href="http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc1866.txt" class="external free" rel="nofollow">http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc1866.txt</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 1 December 2010</span>. "This document thus defines an HTML 2.0 (to distinguish it from the previous informal specifications). Future (generally upwardly compatible) versions of HTML with new features will be released with higher version numbers."</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.btitle=RFC+1866%3A+Hypertext+Markup+Language+-+2.0+-+Introduction&amp;rft.atitle=&amp;rft.aulast=Berners-Lee&amp;rft.aufirst=Tim&amp;rft.au=Berners-Lee%2C%26%2332%3BTim&amp;rft.au=Connolly%2C%26%2332%3BDan&amp;rft.date=November+1995&amp;rft.pub=Internet+Engineering+Task+Force&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ietf.org%2Frfc%2Frfc1866.txt&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:HTML"><span style="display: none;">&#160;</span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-raggett-12">^ <a href="#cite_ref-raggett_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-raggett_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-raggett_12-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-raggett_12-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-raggett_12-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-raggett_12-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <span class="citation book">Raggett, Dave (1998). <a href="http://www.w3.org/People/Raggett/book4/ch02.html" class="external text" rel="nofollow"><i>Raggett on HTML 4</i></a><span class="printonly">. <a href="http://www.w3.org/People/Raggett/book4/ch02.html" class="external free" rel="nofollow">http://www.w3.org/People/Raggett/book4/ch02.html</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved July 9, 2007</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Raggett+on+HTML+4&amp;rft.aulast=Raggett&amp;rft.aufirst=Dave&amp;rft.au=Raggett%2C%26%2332%3BDave&amp;rft.date=1998&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2FPeople%2FRaggett%2Fbook4%2Fch02.html&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:HTML"><span style="display: none;">&#160;</span></span></li>

<li id="cite_note-13"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b> <span class="citation web"><a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/REC-html32" class="external text" rel="nofollow">"HTML 3.2 Reference Specification"</a>. World Wide Web Consortium. January 14, 1997<span class="printonly">. <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/REC-html32" class="external free" rel="nofollow">http://www.w3.org/TR/REC-html32</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved November 16, 2008</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.btitle=HTML+3.2+Reference+Specification&amp;rft.atitle=&amp;rft.date=January+14%2C+1997&amp;rft.pub=World+Wide+Web+Consortium&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2FTR%2FREC-html32&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:HTML"><span style="display: none;">&#160;</span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-14"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b> <span class="citation web"><a href="http://www.w3.org/MarkUp/HTML-WG/" class="external text" rel="nofollow">"IETF HTML WG"</a><span class="printonly">. <a href="http://www.w3.org/MarkUp/HTML-WG/" class="external free" rel="nofollow">http://www.w3.org/MarkUp/HTML-WG/</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved June 16, 2007</span>. "Note: This working group is closed"</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.btitle=IETF+HTML+WG&amp;rft.atitle=&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2FMarkUp%2FHTML-WG%2F&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:HTML"><span style="display: none;">&#160;</span></span></li>

<li id="cite_note-15"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b> <span class="citation web"><a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/REC-html40-971218/" class="external text" rel="nofollow">"HTML 4.0 Specification"</a>. World Wide Web Consortium. December 18, 1997<span class="printonly">. <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/REC-html40-971218/" class="external free" rel="nofollow">http://www.w3.org/TR/REC-html40-971218/</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved November 16, 2008</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.btitle=HTML+4.0+Specification&amp;rft.atitle=&amp;rft.date=December+18%2C+1997&amp;rft.pub=World+Wide+Web+Consortium&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2FTR%2FREC-html40-971218%2F&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:HTML"><span style="display: none;">&#160;</span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-engelfriet-16"><b><a href="#cite_ref-engelfriet_16-0">^</a></b> <span class="citation web">Arnoud Engelfriet. <a href="http://htmlhelp.com/reference/wilbur/intro.html" class="external text" rel="nofollow">"Introduction to Wilbur"</a>. Web Design Group<span class="printonly">. <a href="http://htmlhelp.com/reference/wilbur/intro.html" class="external free" rel="nofollow">http://htmlhelp.com/reference/wilbur/intro.html</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved June 16, 2007</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.btitle=Introduction+to+Wilbur&amp;rft.atitle=&amp;rft.aulast=Arnoud+Engelfriet&amp;rft.au=Arnoud+Engelfriet&amp;rft.pub=Web+Design+Group&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhtmlhelp.com%2Freference%2Fwilbur%2Fintro.html&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:HTML"><span style="display: none;">&#160;</span></span></li>

<li id="cite_note-17"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b> <span class="citation web"><a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/html4/conform.html#h-4.2" class="external text" rel="nofollow">"HTML 4 - 4 Conformance: requirements and recommendations"</a><span class="printonly">. <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/html4/conform.html#h-4.2" class="external free" rel="nofollow">http://www.w3.org/TR/html4/conform.html#h-4.2</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved December 30, 2009</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.btitle=HTML+4+-+4+Conformance%3A+requirements+and+recommendations&amp;rft.atitle=&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2FTR%2Fhtml4%2Fconform.html%23h-4.2&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:HTML"><span style="display: none;">&#160;</span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-18"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b> <span class="citation web"><a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/1998/REC-html40-19980424/" class="external text" rel="nofollow">"HTML 4.0 Specification"</a>. World Wide Web Consortium. April 24, 1998<span class="printonly">. <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/1998/REC-html40-19980424/" class="external free" rel="nofollow">http://www.w3.org/TR/1998/REC-html40-19980424/</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved November 16, 2008</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.btitle=HTML+4.0+Specification&amp;rft.atitle=&amp;rft.date=April+24%2C+1998&amp;rft.pub=World+Wide+Web+Consortium&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2FTR%2F1998%2FREC-html40-19980424%2F&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:HTML"><span style="display: none;">&#160;</span></span></li>

<li id="cite_note-19"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b> <span class="citation web"><a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/html401/" class="external text" rel="nofollow">"HTML 4.01 Specification"</a>. World Wide Web Consortium. December 24, 1999<span class="printonly">. <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/html401/" class="external free" rel="nofollow">http://www.w3.org/TR/html401/</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved November 16, 2008</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.btitle=HTML+4.01+Specification&amp;rft.atitle=&amp;rft.date=December+24%2C+1999&amp;rft.pub=World+Wide+Web+Consortium&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2FTR%2Fhtml401%2F&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:HTML"><span style="display: none;">&#160;</span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-iso-html-20">^ <a href="#cite_ref-iso-html_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-iso-html_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <span class="citation web">ISO (2000). <a href="http://www.iso.org/iso/iso_catalogue/catalogue_tc/catalogue_detail.htm?csnumber=27688" class="external text" rel="nofollow">"ISO/IEC 15445:2000 - Information technology -- Document description and processing languages -- HyperText Markup Language (HTML)"</a><span class="printonly">. <a href="http://www.iso.org/iso/iso_catalogue/catalogue_tc/catalogue_detail.htm?csnumber=27688" class="external free" rel="nofollow">http://www.iso.org/iso/iso_catalogue/catalogue_tc/catalogue_detail.htm?csnumber=27688</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved December 26, 2009</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.btitle=ISO%2FIEC+15445%3A2000+-+Information+technology+--+Document+description+and+processing+languages+--+HyperText+Markup+Language+%28HTML%29&amp;rft.atitle=&amp;rft.aulast=ISO&amp;rft.au=ISO&amp;rft.date=2000&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iso.org%2Fiso%2Fiso_catalogue%2Fcatalogue_tc%2Fcatalogue_detail.htm%3Fcsnumber%3D27688&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:HTML"><span style="display: none;">&#160;</span></span></li>

<li id="cite_note-21"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b> <a href="https://www.cs.tcd.ie/15445/15445.HTML" class="external text" rel="nofollow">CS.TCD.ie</a></li>
<li id="cite_note-22"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b> <span class="citation web"><a href="/wiki/Dan_Connolly" title="Dan Connolly">Connolly, Daniel</a> (6 June 1992). <a href="http://lists.w3.org/Archives/Public/www-talk/1992MayJun/0020.html" class="external text" rel="nofollow">"MIME as a hypertext architecture"</a>. CERN<span class="printonly">. <a href="http://lists.w3.org/Archives/Public/www-talk/1992MayJun/0020.html" class="external free" rel="nofollow">http://lists.w3.org/Archives/Public/www-talk/1992MayJun/0020.html</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 24 October 2010</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.btitle=MIME+as+a+hypertext+architecture&amp;rft.atitle=&amp;rft.aulast=Connolly&amp;rft.aufirst=Daniel&amp;rft.au=Connolly%2C%26%2332%3BDaniel&amp;rft.date=6+June+1992&amp;rft.pub=CERN&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flists.w3.org%2FArchives%2FPublic%2Fwww-talk%2F1992MayJun%2F0020.html&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:HTML"><span style="display: none;">&#160;</span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-23"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b> <span class="citation web"><a href="/wiki/Dan_Connolly" title="Dan Connolly">Connolly, Daniel</a> (15 July 1992). <a href="http://lists.w3.org/Archives/Public/www-talk/1992JulAug/0020.html" class="external text" rel="nofollow">"HTML DTD enclosed"</a>. CERN<span class="printonly">. <a href="http://lists.w3.org/Archives/Public/www-talk/1992JulAug/0020.html" class="external free" rel="nofollow">http://lists.w3.org/Archives/Public/www-talk/1992JulAug/0020.html</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 24 October 2010</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.btitle=HTML+DTD+enclosed&amp;rft.atitle=&amp;rft.aulast=Connolly&amp;rft.aufirst=Daniel&amp;rft.au=Connolly%2C%26%2332%3BDaniel&amp;rft.date=15+July+1992&amp;rft.pub=CERN&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flists.w3.org%2FArchives%2FPublic%2Fwww-talk%2F1992JulAug%2F0020.html&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:HTML"><span style="display: none;">&#160;</span></span></li>

<li id="cite_note-24"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b> <span class="citation web"><a href="/wiki/Dan_Connolly" title="Dan Connolly">Connolly, Daniel</a> (18 August 1992). <a href="http://lost-contact.mit.edu/afs/cern.ch/w3.org/www/Frame/fminit2.0/html.dtd" class="external text" rel="nofollow">"document type declaration subset for HyperText Markup Language as defined by the World Wide Web project"</a>. CERN<span class="printonly">. <a href="http://lost-contact.mit.edu/afs/cern.ch/w3.org/www/Frame/fminit2.0/html.dtd" class="external free" rel="nofollow">http://lost-contact.mit.edu/afs/cern.ch/w3.org/www/Frame/fminit2.0/html.dtd</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 24 October 2010</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.btitle=document+type+declaration+subset+for+HyperText+Markup+Language+as+defined+by+the+World+Wide+Web+project&amp;rft.atitle=&amp;rft.aulast=Connolly&amp;rft.aufirst=Daniel&amp;rft.au=Connolly%2C%26%2332%3BDaniel&amp;rft.date=18+August+1992&amp;rft.pub=CERN&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flost-contact.mit.edu%2Fafs%2Fcern.ch%2Fw3.org%2Fwww%2FFrame%2Ffminit2.0%2Fhtml.dtd&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:HTML"><span style="display: none;">&#160;</span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-html11-25">^ <a href="#cite_ref-html11_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-html11_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <span class="citation web"><a href="/wiki/Dan_Connolly" title="Dan Connolly">Connolly, Daniel</a> (24 November 1992). <a href="http://lost-contact.mit.edu/afs/cern.ch/w3.org/www/MarkUp/Connolly/921125/archive.sh#html.dtd" class="external text" rel="nofollow">"Document Type Definition for the HyperText Markup Language as used by the World Wide Web application"</a>. CERN<span class="printonly">. <a href="http://lost-contact.mit.edu/afs/cern.ch/w3.org/www/MarkUp/Connolly/921125/archive.sh#html.dtd" class="external free" rel="nofollow">http://lost-contact.mit.edu/afs/cern.ch/w3.org/www/MarkUp/Connolly/921125/archive.sh#html.dtd</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 24 October 2010</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.btitle=Document+Type+Definition+for+the+HyperText+Markup+Language+as+used+by+the+World+Wide+Web+application&amp;rft.atitle=&amp;rft.aulast=Connolly&amp;rft.aufirst=Daniel&amp;rft.au=Connolly%2C%26%2332%3BDaniel&amp;rft.date=24+November+1992&amp;rft.pub=CERN&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flost-contact.mit.edu%2Fafs%2Fcern.ch%2Fw3.org%2Fwww%2FMarkUp%2FConnolly%2F921125%2Farchive.sh%23html.dtd&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:HTML"><span style="display: none;">&#160;</span></span> See section "Revision History"</li>

<li id="cite_note-26"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b> <span class="citation web"><a href="/wiki/Tim_Berners-Lee" title="Tim Berners-Lee">Berners-Lee, Tim</a>; <a href="/wiki/Dan_Connolly" title="Dan Connolly">Connolly, Daniel</a> (June 1993). <a href="http://tools.ietf.org/html/draft-ietf-iiir-html-00" class="external text" rel="nofollow">"Hypertext Markup Language (HTML) Internet Draft version 1.1"</a>. IETF IIIR Working Group<span class="printonly">. <a href="http://tools.ietf.org/html/draft-ietf-iiir-html-00" class="external free" rel="nofollow">http://tools.ietf.org/html/draft-ietf-iiir-html-00</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 18 September 2010</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.btitle=Hypertext+Markup+Language+%28HTML%29+Internet+Draft+version+1.1&amp;rft.atitle=&amp;rft.aulast=Berners-Lee&amp;rft.aufirst=Tim&amp;rft.au=Berners-Lee%2C%26%2332%3BTim&amp;rft.au=Connolly%2C%26%2332%3BDaniel&amp;rft.date=June+1993&amp;rft.pub=IETF+IIIR+Working+Group&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftools.ietf.org%2Fhtml%2Fdraft-ietf-iiir-html-00&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:HTML"><span style="display: none;">&#160;</span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-ietfiiir-27"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ietfiiir_27-0">^</a></b> <span class="citation web"><a href="/wiki/Tim_Berners-Lee" title="Tim Berners-Lee">Berners-Lee, Tim</a>; <a href="/wiki/Dan_Connolly" title="Dan Connolly">Connolly, Daniel</a> (June 1993). <a href="http://www.w3.org/MarkUp/draft-ietf-iiir-html-01.txt" class="external text" rel="nofollow">"Hypertext Markup Language (HTML) Internet Draft version 1.2"</a>. IETF IIIR Working Group<span class="printonly">. <a href="http://www.w3.org/MarkUp/draft-ietf-iiir-html-01.txt" class="external free" rel="nofollow">http://www.w3.org/MarkUp/draft-ietf-iiir-html-01.txt</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 18 September 2010</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.btitle=Hypertext+Markup+Language+%28HTML%29+Internet+Draft+version+1.2&amp;rft.atitle=&amp;rft.aulast=Berners-Lee&amp;rft.aufirst=Tim&amp;rft.au=Berners-Lee%2C%26%2332%3BTim&amp;rft.au=Connolly%2C%26%2332%3BDaniel&amp;rft.date=June+1993&amp;rft.pub=IETF+IIIR+Working+Group&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2FMarkUp%2Fdraft-ietf-iiir-html-01.txt&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:HTML"><span style="display: none;">&#160;</span></span></li>

<li id="cite_note-28"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b> <span class="citation web"><a href="/wiki/Tim_Berners-Lee" title="Tim Berners-Lee">Berners-Lee, Tim</a>; <a href="/wiki/Dan_Connolly" title="Dan Connolly">Connolly, Daniel</a> (28 November 1994). <a href="http://tools.ietf.org/html/draft-ietf-html-spec-00" class="external text" rel="nofollow">"HyperText Markup Language Specification - 2.0 INTERNET DRAFT"</a>. IETF<span class="printonly">. <a href="http://tools.ietf.org/html/draft-ietf-html-spec-00" class="external free" rel="nofollow">http://tools.ietf.org/html/draft-ietf-html-spec-00</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 24 October 2010</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.btitle=HyperText+Markup+Language+Specification+-+2.0+INTERNET+DRAFT&amp;rft.atitle=&amp;rft.aulast=Berners-Lee&amp;rft.aufirst=Tim&amp;rft.au=Berners-Lee%2C%26%2332%3BTim&amp;rft.au=Connolly%2C%26%2332%3BDaniel&amp;rft.date=28+November+1994&amp;rft.pub=IETF&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftools.ietf.org%2Fhtml%2Fdraft-ietf-html-spec-00&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:HTML"><span style="display: none;">&#160;</span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-29"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b> <span class="citation web"><a href="http://www.w3.org/MarkUp/html3/" class="external text" rel="nofollow">"HTML 3.0 Draft (Expired!) Materials"</a>. World Wide Web Consortium. December 21, 1995<span class="printonly">. <a href="http://www.w3.org/MarkUp/html3/" class="external free" rel="nofollow">http://www.w3.org/MarkUp/html3/</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved November 16, 2008</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.btitle=HTML+3.0+Draft+%28Expired%21%29+Materials&amp;rft.atitle=&amp;rft.date=December+21%2C+1995&amp;rft.pub=World+Wide+Web+Consortium&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2FMarkUp%2Fhtml3%2F&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:HTML"><span style="display: none;">&#160;</span></span></li>

<li id="cite_note-30"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b> <span class="citation web"><a href="http://www.w3.org/MarkUp/html3/CoverPage" class="external text" rel="nofollow">"HyperText Markup Language Specification Version 3.0"</a><span class="printonly">. <a href="http://www.w3.org/MarkUp/html3/CoverPage" class="external free" rel="nofollow">http://www.w3.org/MarkUp/html3/CoverPage</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved June 16, 2007</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.btitle=HyperText+Markup+Language+Specification+Version+3.0&amp;rft.atitle=&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2FMarkUp%2Fhtml3%2FCoverPage&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:HTML"><span style="display: none;">&#160;</span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-31"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b> <span class="citation web">Raggett, Dave (28 March 1995). <a href="http://www.w3.org/People/Raggett/html3/html3.txt" class="external text" rel="nofollow">"HyperText Markup Language Specification Version 3.0"</a>. <i>HTML 3.0 Internet Draft Expires in six months</i>. <a href="/wiki/World_Wide_Web_Consortium" title="World Wide Web Consortium">World Wide Web Consortium</a><span class="printonly">. <a href="http://www.w3.org/People/Raggett/html3/html3.txt" class="external free" rel="nofollow">http://www.w3.org/People/Raggett/html3/html3.txt</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 17 June 2010</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.btitle=HyperText+Markup+Language+Specification+Version+3.0&amp;rft.atitle=HTML+3.0+Internet+Draft+Expires+in+six+months&amp;rft.aulast=Raggett&amp;rft.aufirst=Dave&amp;rft.au=Raggett%2C%26%2332%3BDave&amp;rft.date=28+March+1995&amp;rft.pub=%5B%5BWorld+Wide+Web+Consortium%5D%5D&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2FPeople%2FRaggett%2Fhtml3%2Fhtml3.txt&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:HTML"><span style="display: none;">&#160;</span></span></li>

<li id="cite_note-32"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b> <span class="citation Journal">Bowers, Neil. <a href="http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.54.7191" class="external text" rel="nofollow"><i>Weblint: Just Another Perl Hack</i></a><span class="printonly">. <a href="http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.54.7191" class="external free" rel="nofollow">http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.54.7191</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Weblint%3A+Just+Another+Perl+Hack&amp;rft.aulast=Bowers&amp;rft.aufirst=Neil&amp;rft.au=Bowers%2C%26%2332%3BNeil&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fciteseerx.ist.psu.edu%2Fviewdoc%2Fsummary%3Fdoi%3D10.1.1.54.7191&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:HTML"><span style="display: none;">&#160;</span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-33"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b> <span class="citation book"><a href="/wiki/H%C3%A5kon_Wium_Lie" title="Håkon Wium Lie">Lie, Håkon Wium</a>; <a href="/wiki/Bert_Bos" title="Bert Bos">Bos, Bert</a> (April 1997). <a href="http://books.google.com/books?id=q0jbAAAAMAAJ" class="external text" rel="nofollow"><i>Cascading style sheets: designing for the Web</i></a>. Addison Wesley Longman. p.&#160;263<span class="printonly">. <a href="http://books.google.com/books?id=q0jbAAAAMAAJ" class="external free" rel="nofollow">http://books.google.com/books?id=q0jbAAAAMAAJ</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 9 June 2010</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Cascading+style+sheets%3A+designing+for+the+Web&amp;rft.aulast=Lie&amp;rft.aufirst=H%C3%A5kon+Wium&amp;rft.au=Lie%2C%26%2332%3BH%C3%A5kon+Wium&amp;rft.au=Bos%2C%26%2332%3BBert&amp;rft.date=April+1997&amp;rft.pages=p.%26nbsp%3B263&amp;rft.pub=Addison+Wesley+Longman&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dq0jbAAAAMAAJ&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:HTML"><span style="display: none;">&#160;</span></span></li>

<li id="cite_note-34"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b> <span class="citation web"><a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/html5/" class="external text" rel="nofollow">"HTML5"</a>. World Wide Web Consortium. June 10, 2008<span class="printonly">. <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/html5/" class="external free" rel="nofollow">http://www.w3.org/TR/html5/</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved November 16, 2008</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.btitle=HTML5&amp;rft.atitle=&amp;rft.date=June+10%2C+2008&amp;rft.pub=World+Wide+Web+Consortium&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2FTR%2Fhtml5%2F&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:HTML"><span style="display: none;">&#160;</span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-35"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b> <span class="citation web"><a href="http://www.w3.org/QA/2008/01/html5-is-html-and-xml.html" class="external text" rel="nofollow">"HTML5, one vocabulary, two serializations"</a><span class="printonly">. <a href="http://www.w3.org/QA/2008/01/html5-is-html-and-xml.html" class="external free" rel="nofollow">http://www.w3.org/QA/2008/01/html5-is-html-and-xml.html</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved February 25, 2009</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.btitle=HTML5%2C+one+vocabulary%2C+two+serializations&amp;rft.atitle=&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2FQA%2F2008%2F01%2Fhtml5-is-html-and-xml.html&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:HTML"><span style="display: none;">&#160;</span></span></li>

<li id="cite_note-36"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b> <span class="citation web"><a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/" class="external text" rel="nofollow">"XHTML 1.0: The Extensible HyperText Markup Language (Second Edition)"</a>. World Wide Web Consortium. January 26, 2000<span class="printonly">. <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/" class="external free" rel="nofollow">http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved November 16, 2008</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.btitle=XHTML+1.0%3A+The+Extensible+HyperText+Markup+Language+%28Second+Edition%29&amp;rft.atitle=&amp;rft.date=January+26%2C+2000&amp;rft.pub=World+Wide+Web+Consortium&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2FTR%2Fxhtml1%2F&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:HTML"><span style="display: none;">&#160;</span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-37"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b> <span class="citation web"><a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml11/" class="external text" rel="nofollow">"XHTML 1.1 - Module-based XHTML&#160;— Second Edition"</a>. World Wide Web Consortium. February 16, 2007<span class="printonly">. <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml11/" class="external free" rel="nofollow">http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml11/</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved November 16, 2008</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.btitle=XHTML+1.1+-+Module-based+XHTML%26nbsp%3B%E2%80%94+Second+Edition&amp;rft.atitle=&amp;rft.date=February+16%2C+2007&amp;rft.pub=World+Wide+Web+Consortium&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2FTR%2Fxhtml11%2F&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:HTML"><span style="display: none;">&#160;</span></span></li>

<li id="cite_note-38"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b> <span class="citation web"><a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml2/" class="external text" rel="nofollow">"XHTM 2.0"</a>. World Wide Web Consortium. July 26, 2006<span class="printonly">. <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml2/" class="external free" rel="nofollow">http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml2/</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved November 16, 2008</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.btitle=XHTM+2.0&amp;rft.atitle=&amp;rft.date=July+26%2C+2006&amp;rft.pub=World+Wide+Web+Consortium&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2FTR%2Fxhtml2%2F&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:HTML"><span style="display: none;">&#160;</span></span><span class="citation web"><a href="http://www.w3.org/News/2009#item119" class="external text" rel="nofollow">"XHTML 2 Working Group Expected to Stop Work End of 2009, W3C to Increase Resources on HTML5"</a>. World Wide Web Consortium. July 17, 2009<span class="printonly">. <a href="http://www.w3.org/News/2009#item119" class="external free" rel="nofollow">http://www.w3.org/News/2009#item119</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved November 16, 2008</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.btitle=XHTML+2+Working+Group+Expected+to+Stop+Work+End+of+2009%2C+W3C+to+Increase+Resources+on+HTML5&amp;rft.atitle=&amp;rft.date=July+17%2C+2009&amp;rft.pub=World+Wide+Web+Consortium&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2FNews%2F2009%23item119&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:HTML"><span style="display: none;">&#160;</span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-39"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b> <span class="citation web"><a href="http://www.w3.org/html/wg/html5/" class="external text" rel="nofollow">"HTML5"</a>. World Wide Web Consortium. October 24, 2008<span class="printonly">. <a href="http://www.w3.org/html/wg/html5/" class="external free" rel="nofollow">http://www.w3.org/html/wg/html5/</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved November 16, 2008</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.btitle=HTML5&amp;rft.atitle=&amp;rft.date=October+24%2C+2008&amp;rft.pub=World+Wide+Web+Consortium&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2Fhtml%2Fwg%2Fhtml5%2F&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:HTML"><span style="display: none;">&#160;</span></span></li>

<li id="cite_note-hsivonen-40"><b><a href="#cite_ref-hsivonen_40-0">^</a></b> <a href="http://hsivonen.iki.fi/doctype/" class="external text" rel="nofollow">Activating Browser Modes with Doctype</a></li>
<li id="cite_note-41"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b> <span class="citation web"><a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/html401/intro/sgmltut.html#h-3.2.2" class="external text" rel="nofollow">"On SGML and HTML"</a>. World Wide Web Consortium<span class="printonly">. <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/html401/intro/sgmltut.html#h-3.2.2" class="external free" rel="nofollow">http://www.w3.org/TR/html401/intro/sgmltut.html#h-3.2.2</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved November 16, 2008</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.btitle=On+SGML+and+HTML&amp;rft.atitle=&amp;rft.pub=World+Wide+Web+Consortium&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2FTR%2Fhtml401%2Fintro%2Fsgmltut.html%23h-3.2.2&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:HTML"><span style="display: none;">&#160;</span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-42"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b> <span class="citation web"><a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/diffs.html#h-4.4" class="external text" rel="nofollow">"XHTML 1.0 - Differences with HTML&#160;4"</a>. World Wide Web Consortium<span class="printonly">. <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/diffs.html#h-4.4" class="external free" rel="nofollow">http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/diffs.html#h-4.4</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved November 16, 2008</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.btitle=XHTML+1.0+-+Differences+with+HTML%26%23160%3B4&amp;rft.atitle=&amp;rft.pub=World+Wide+Web+Consortium&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2FTR%2Fxhtml1%2Fdiffs.html%23h-4.4&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:HTML"><span style="display: none;">&#160;</span></span></li>

<li id="cite_note-43"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b> <span class="citation web">Korpela, Jukka (July 6, 1998). <a href="http://www.cs.tut.fi/~jkorpela/qattr.html" class="external text" rel="nofollow">"Why attribute values should always be quoted in HTML"</a>. Cs.tut.fi<span class="printonly">. <a href="http://www.cs.tut.fi/~jkorpela/qattr.html" class="external free" rel="nofollow">http://www.cs.tut.fi/~jkorpela/qattr.html</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved November 16, 2008</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.btitle=Why+attribute+values+should+always+be+quoted+in+HTML&amp;rft.atitle=&amp;rft.aulast=Korpela&amp;rft.aufirst=Jukka&amp;rft.au=Korpela%2C%26%2332%3BJukka&amp;rft.date=July+6%2C+1998&amp;rft.pub=Cs.tut.fi&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cs.tut.fi%2F%7Ejkorpela%2Fqattr.html&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:HTML"><span style="display: none;">&#160;</span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-44"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b> <span class="citation web"><a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/1999/REC-html401-19991224/struct/objects.html#adef-ismap" class="external text" rel="nofollow">"Objects, Images, and Applets in HTML documents"</a>. World Wide Web Consortium. December 24, 1999<span class="printonly">. <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/1999/REC-html401-19991224/struct/objects.html#adef-ismap" class="external free" rel="nofollow">http://www.w3.org/TR/1999/REC-html401-19991224/struct/objects.html#adef-ismap</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved November 16, 2008</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.btitle=Objects%2C+Images%2C+and+Applets+in+HTML+documents&amp;rft.atitle=&amp;rft.date=December+24%2C+1999&amp;rft.pub=World+Wide+Web+Consortium&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2FTR%2F1999%2FREC-html401-19991224%2Fstruct%2Fobjects.html%23adef-ismap&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:HTML"><span style="display: none;">&#160;</span></span></li>

<li id="cite_note-45"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b> <span class="citation web"><a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/WCAG-TECHS/H56.html" class="external text" rel="nofollow">"H56: Using the dir attribute on an inline element to resolve problems with nested directional runs"</a>. <i>Techniques for WCAG 2.0</i>. W3C<span class="printonly">. <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/WCAG-TECHS/H56.html" class="external free" rel="nofollow">http://www.w3.org/TR/WCAG-TECHS/H56.html</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 18 September 2010</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.btitle=H56%3A+Using+the+dir+attribute+on+an+inline+element+to+resolve+problems+with+nested+directional+runs&amp;rft.atitle=Techniques+for+WCAG+2.0&amp;rft.pub=W3C&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2FTR%2FWCAG-TECHS%2FH56.html&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:HTML"><span style="display: none;">&#160;</span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-aposhtml-46"><b><a href="#cite_ref-aposhtml_46-0">^</a></b> <span class="citation web"><a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/#C_16" class="external text" rel="nofollow">"The Named Character Reference &amp;apos;"</a>. World Wide Web Consortium. January 26, 2000<span class="printonly">. <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/#C_16" class="external free" rel="nofollow">http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/#C_16</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.btitle=The+Named+Character+Reference+%26amp%3Bapos%3B&amp;rft.atitle=&amp;rft.date=January+26%2C+2000&amp;rft.pub=World+Wide+Web+Consortium&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2FTR%2Fxhtml1%2F%23C_16&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:HTML"><span style="display: none;">&#160;</span></span></li>

<li id="cite_note-47"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b> <span class="citation web"><a href="http://www.unicode.org/standard/principles.html#" class="external text" rel="nofollow">"The Unicode Standard: A Technical Introduction"</a><span class="printonly">. <a href="http://www.unicode.org/standard/principles.html#" class="external free" rel="nofollow">http://www.unicode.org/standard/principles.html#</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2010-03-16</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.btitle=The+Unicode+Standard%3A+A+Technical+Introduction&amp;rft.atitle=&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.unicode.org%2Fstandard%2Fprinciples.html%23&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:HTML"><span style="display: none;">&#160;</span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-48"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b> <span class="citation book">Berners-Lee, Tim; Fischetti, Mark (2000). <i>Weaving the Web: The Original Design and Ultimate Destiny of the World Wide Web by Its Inventor</i>. San Francisco: Harper. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-06-251587-X" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-06-251587-X">978-0-06-251587-X</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Weaving+the+Web%3A+The+Original+Design+and+Ultimate+Destiny+of+the+World+Wide+Web+by+Its+Inventor&amp;rft.aulast=Berners-Lee&amp;rft.aufirst=Tim&amp;rft.au=Berners-Lee%2C%26%2332%3BTim&amp;rft.au=Fischetti%2C%26%2332%3BMark&amp;rft.date=2000&amp;rft.place=San+Francisco&amp;rft.pub=Harper&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-06-251587-X&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:HTML"><span style="display: none;">&#160;</span></span></li>

<li id="cite_note-49"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b> <span class="citation web">Raggett, Dave (2002). <a href="http://www.w3.org/MarkUp/Guide/Style.html" class="external text" rel="nofollow">"Adding a touch of style"</a>. W3C<span class="printonly">. <a href="http://www.w3.org/MarkUp/Guide/Style.html" class="external free" rel="nofollow">http://www.w3.org/MarkUp/Guide/Style.html</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved October 2, 2009</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.btitle=Adding+a+touch+of+style&amp;rft.atitle=&amp;rft.aulast=Raggett&amp;rft.aufirst=Dave&amp;rft.au=Raggett%2C%26%2332%3BDave&amp;rft.date=2002&amp;rft.pub=W3C&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2FMarkUp%2FGuide%2FStyle.html&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:HTML"><span style="display: none;">&#160;</span></span> This article notes that presentational HTML markup may be useful when targeting browsers "before Netscape 4.0 and Internet Explorer 4.0". See the <a href="/wiki/List_of_web_browsers" title="List of web browsers">list of web browsers</a> to confirm that these were both released in 1997.</li>
<li id="cite_note-50"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b> <span class="citation web">Tim Berners-Lee, James Hendler and Ora Lassila (2001). <a href="http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=the-semantic-web" class="external text" rel="nofollow">"The Semantic Web"</a>. Scientific American<span class="printonly">. <a href="http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=the-semantic-web" class="external free" rel="nofollow">http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=the-semantic-web</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved October 2, 2009</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.btitle=The+Semantic+Web&amp;rft.atitle=&amp;rft.aulast=Tim+Berners-Lee%2C+James+Hendler+and+Ora+Lassila&amp;rft.au=Tim+Berners-Lee%2C+James+Hendler+and+Ora+Lassila&amp;rft.date=2001&amp;rft.pub=Scientific+American&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scientificamerican.com%2Farticle.cfm%3Fid%3Dthe-semantic-web&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:HTML"><span style="display: none;">&#160;</span></span></li>

<li id="cite_note-Semantic_Web_Revisted-51"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Semantic_Web_Revisted_51-0">^</a></b> <span class="citation web">Nigel Shadbolt, Wendy Hall and Tim Berners-Lee (2006). <a href="http://eprints.ecs.soton.ac.uk/12614/1/Semantic_Web_Revisted.pdf" class="external text" rel="nofollow">"The Semantic Web Revisited"</a>. IEEE Intelligent Systems<span class="printonly">. <a href="http://eprints.ecs.soton.ac.uk/12614/1/Semantic_Web_Revisted.pdf" class="external free" rel="nofollow">http://eprints.ecs.soton.ac.uk/12614/1/Semantic_Web_Revisted.pdf</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved October 2, 2009</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.btitle=The+Semantic+Web+Revisited&amp;rft.atitle=&amp;rft.aulast=Nigel+Shadbolt%2C+Wendy+Hall+and+Tim+Berners-Lee&amp;rft.au=Nigel+Shadbolt%2C+Wendy+Hall+and+Tim+Berners-Lee&amp;rft.date=2006&amp;rft.pub=IEEE+Intelligent+Systems&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Feprints.ecs.soton.ac.uk%2F12614%2F1%2FSemantic_Web_Revisted.pdf&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:HTML"><span style="display: none;">&#160;</span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-52"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b> <span class="citation web"><a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/#media" class="external text" rel="nofollow">"XHTML 1.0 The Extensible HyperText Markup Language (Second Edition)"</a>. World Wide Web Consortium. 2000, revised 2002<span class="printonly">. <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/#media" class="external free" rel="nofollow">http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/#media</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved December 7, 2008</span>. "XHTML Documents which follow the guidelines set forth in Appendix C, "HTML Compatibility Guidelines" may be labeled with the Internet Media Type "text/html" [RFC2854], as they are compatible with most HTML browsers. Those documents, and any other document conforming to this specification, may also be labeled with the Internet Media Type "application/xhtml+xml" as defined in [RFC3236]."</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.btitle=XHTML+1.0+The+Extensible+HyperText+Markup+Language+%28Second+Edition%29&amp;rft.atitle=&amp;rft.date=2000%2C+revised+2002&amp;rft.pub=World+Wide+Web+Consortium&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2FTR%2Fxhtml1%2F%23media&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:HTML"><span style="display: none;">&#160;</span></span></li>

<li id="cite_note-53"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b> <span class="citation web"><a href="http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc2119.txt" class="external text" rel="nofollow">"RFC 2119: Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate Requirement Levels"</a>. Harvard University. 1997<span class="printonly">. <a href="http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc2119.txt" class="external free" rel="nofollow">http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc2119.txt</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved December 7, 2008</span>. "3. SHOULD This word, or the adjective "RECOMMENDED", mean that there may exist valid reasons in particular circumstances to ignore a particular item, but the full implications must be understood and carefully weighed before choosing a different course."</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.btitle=RFC+2119%3A+Key+words+for+use+in+RFCs+to+Indicate+Requirement+Levels&amp;rft.atitle=&amp;rft.date=1997&amp;rft.pub=Harvard+University&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ietf.org%2Frfc%2Frfc2119.txt&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:HTML"><span style="display: none;">&#160;</span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-54"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b> <span class="citation web"><a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml11/conformance.html#strict" class="external text" rel="nofollow">"XHTML 1.1 - Module-based XHTML&#160;— Second Edition"</a>. World Wide Web Consortium. 2007<span class="printonly">. <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml11/conformance.html#strict" class="external free" rel="nofollow">http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml11/conformance.html#strict</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved December 7, 2008</span>. "XHTML 1.1 documents SHOULD be labeled with the Internet Media Type text/html as defined in [RFC2854] or application/xhtml+xml as defined in [RFC3236]."</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.btitle=XHTML+1.1+-+Module-based+XHTML%26nbsp%3B%E2%80%94+Second+Edition&amp;rft.atitle=&amp;rft.date=2007&amp;rft.pub=World+Wide+Web+Consortium&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2FTR%2Fxhtml11%2Fconformance.html%23strict&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:HTML"><span style="display: none;">&#160;</span></span></li>

<li id="cite_note-55"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b> <span class="citation web"><a href="/wiki/Ted_Nelson" title="Ted Nelson">Ted Nelson</a> (29 January 1999). <a href="http://xanadu.com.au/ted/TN/WRITINGS/TCOMPARADIGM/tedCompOneLiners.html" class="external text" rel="nofollow">"Ted Nelson's Computer Paradigm, Expressed as One-Liners"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Xanadu" title="Xanadu">Xanadu</a><span class="printonly">. <a href="http://xanadu.com.au/ted/TN/WRITINGS/TCOMPARADIGM/tedCompOneLiners.html" class="external free" rel="nofollow">http://xanadu.com.au/ted/TN/WRITINGS/TCOMPARADIGM/tedCompOneLiners.html</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 26 July 2010</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.btitle=Ted+Nelson%27s+Computer+Paradigm%2C+Expressed+as+One-Liners&amp;rft.atitle=&amp;rft.aulast=%5B%5BTed+Nelson%5D%5D&amp;rft.au=%5B%5BTed+Nelson%5D%5D&amp;rft.date=29+January+1999&amp;rft.pub=%5B%5BXanadu%5D%5D&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fxanadu.com.au%2Fted%2FTN%2FWRITINGS%2FTCOMPARADIGM%2FtedCompOneLiners.html&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:HTML"><span style="display: none;">&#160;</span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-56"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b> <a href="http://www.w3.org/History/19921103-hypertext/hypertext/WWW/MarkUp/HTMLConstraints.html" class="external text" rel="nofollow">HTML Design Constraints</a>, W3C Archives</li>

<li id="cite_note-57"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b> <a href="http://ei.cs.vt.edu/~wwwbtb/book/chap13/who.html" class="external text" rel="nofollow">WWW:BTB – HTML</a>, Pris Sears</li>
<li id="cite_note-58"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b> Freeman, E (2005). Head First HTML. O'Reilly.</li>
<li id="cite_note-59"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b> <span class="citation web"><a href="/wiki/Jakob_Nielsen_(usability_consultant)" title="Jakob Nielsen (usability consultant)">Jakob Nielsen</a> (January 3, 2005). <a href="http://www.useit.com/alertbox/20050103.html" class="external text" rel="nofollow">"Reviving Advanced Hypertext"</a><span class="printonly">. <a href="http://www.useit.com/alertbox/20050103.html" class="external free" rel="nofollow">http://www.useit.com/alertbox/20050103.html</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved June 16, 2007</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.btitle=Reviving+Advanced+Hypertext&amp;rft.atitle=&amp;rft.aulast=%5B%5BJakob+Nielsen+%28usability+consultant%29%7CJakob+Nielsen%5D%5D&amp;rft.au=%5B%5BJakob+Nielsen+%28usability+consultant%29%7CJakob+Nielsen%5D%5D&amp;rft.date=January+3%2C+2005&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.useit.com%2Falertbox%2F20050103.html&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:HTML"><span style="display: none;">&#160;</span></span></li>

<li id="cite_note-60"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b> Sauer, C.: WYSIWIKI - Questioning WYSIWYG in the Internet Age. In: Wikimania (2006)</li>
<li id="cite_note-61"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b> Spiesser, J., Kitchen, L.: Optimization of html automatically generated by WYSIWYG programs. In: 13th International Conference on World Wide Web, pp. 355--364. WWW '04. ACM, New York, NY (New York, NY, U.S., May 17–20, 2004)</li>
<li id="cite_note-62"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b> <a href="http://xhtml.com/en/xhtml/reference/blockquote/" class="external free" rel="nofollow">http://xhtml.com/en/xhtml/reference/blockquote/</a></li>
<li id="cite_note-63"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b> <a href="http://www.invisiblerevolution.net/" class="external free" rel="nofollow">http://www.invisiblerevolution.net/</a></li>
</ol>

</div>
<h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="/w/index.php?title=HTML&amp;action=edit&amp;section=30" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="External_links">External links</span></h2>
<table class="metadata mbox-small plainlinks" style="border:1px solid #aaa; background-color:#f9f9f9;">
<tr>
<td class="mbox-image"><img alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" width="30" height="40" /></td>
<td class="mbox-text" style="">Wikimedia Commons has media related to: <i><b><a href="http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:HTML" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:HTML">HTML</a></b></i></td>
</tr>
</table>
<table class="metadata mbox-small plainlinks" style="border:1px solid #aaa; background-color:#f9f9f9;">
<tr>

<td class="mbox-image"><img alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/40px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png" width="40" height="40" /></td>
<td class="mbox-text" style="">Wikibooks has a book on the topic of
<div style="margin-left:10px;"><i><b><a href="http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/HyperText_Markup_Language" class="extiw" title="wikibooks:HyperText Markup Language">HyperText Markup Language</a></b></i></div>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<table class="metadata mbox-small plainlinks" style="border:1px solid #aaa; background-color:#f9f9f9;">
<tr>
<td class="mbox-image"><img alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Wikiversity-logo.svg/40px-Wikiversity-logo.svg.png" width="40" height="32" /></td>
<td class="mbox-text" style="">Wikiversity has learning materials about <i><b><a href="http://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Special:Search/HTML" class="extiw" title="v:Special:Search/HTML">HTML</a></b></i></td>
</tr>
</table>
<table class="metadata mbox-small plainlinks" style="border:1px solid #aaa; background-color:#f9f9f9;">
<tr>

<td class="mbox-image"><img alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Wikiversity-logo.svg/40px-Wikiversity-logo.svg.png" width="40" height="32" /></td>
<td class="mbox-text" style="">Wikiversity has learning materials about <i><b><a href="http://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/HTML_Challenges" class="extiw" title="v:HTML Challenges">HTML Challenges</a></b></i></td>
</tr>
</table>
<table class="metadata mbox-small plainlinks" style="border:1px solid #aaa; background-color:#f9f9f9;">
<tr>
<td class="mbox-image"><img alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Wiktionary-logo-en.svg/37px-Wiktionary-logo-en.svg.png" width="37" height="40" /></td>
<td class="mbox-text" style="">Look up <i><b><a href="http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Appendix:Hyper_Text_Markup_Language" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Appendix:Hyper Text Markup Language">Appendix:Hyper Text Markup Language</a></b></i> in <a href="/wiki/Wiktionary" title="Wiktionary">Wiktionary</a>, the free dictionary.</td>
</tr>

</table>
<ul>
<li><a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/html401/" class="external text" rel="nofollow">HTML 4.01, the most recent finished specification (1999)</a></li>
<li><a href="http://dev.w3.org/html5/spec/spec.html" class="external text" rel="nofollow">HTML5, the upcoming version of HTML</a></li>
<li><a href="http://www.w3.org/MarkUp/Guide/" class="external text" rel="nofollow">Dave Raggett's Introduction to HTML</a></li>
<li><a href="http://www.cs.tut.fi/~jkorpela/html/empty.html" class="external text" rel="nofollow">Empty elements in SGML, HTML, XML and XHTML</a></li>
</ul>
<p><b>Tutorials</b><br /></p>
<ul>
<li><a href="http://htmldog.com/guides/" class="external text" rel="nofollow">HTML Dog</a></li>
<li><a href="http://www.html.net/tutorials/html/introduction.php" class="external text" rel="nofollow">HTML.net</a></li>

</ul>
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<th style=";" colspan="2" class="navbox-title"><span style="float:left;width:6em;text-align:left;"><span class="noprint plainlinks navbar" style=""><span style="white-space:nowrap;word-spacing:-.12em;"><a href="/wiki/Template:Document_markup_languages" title="Template:Document markup languages"><span style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;font-size:100%;" title="View this template">v</span></a> <span style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;font-size:100%;"><b>·</b></span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:Document_markup_languages&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:Document markup languages (page does not exist)"><span style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;font-size:100%;" title="Discuss this template">d</span></a> <span style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;font-size:100%;"><b>·</b></span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Document_markup_languages&amp;action=edit" class="external text" rel="nofollow"><span style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;font-size:100%;" title="Edit this template">e</span></a></span></span></span><span class="" style="font-size:110%;"><a href="/wiki/Markup_language" title="Markup language">Document markup languages</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_document_markup_languages" title="List of document markup languages">list</a>)</span></th>

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<td></td>
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<td class="navbox-group" style=";;">Office document</td>
<td style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-odd">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Compound_Document_Format" title="Compound Document Format">Compound Document Format</a>&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Office_Open_XML" title="Office Open XML">OOXML</a> (<a href="/wiki/SpreadsheetML" title="SpreadsheetML">SpreadsheetML</a>, <a href="/wiki/PresentationML" title="PresentationML" class="mw-redirect">PresentationML</a>, <a href="/wiki/WordprocessingML" title="WordprocessingML" class="mw-redirect">WordprocessingML</a>)&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/OpenDocument" title="OpenDocument">ODF</a>&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Uniform_Office_Format" title="Uniform Office Format">UOF</a></div>

</td>
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<td class="navbox-group" style=";;">Well-known</td>
<td style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-even">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><strong class="selflink">HTML</strong>&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/XHTML" title="XHTML">XHTML</a>&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/MathML" title="MathML">MathML</a>&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/JSON" title="JSON">JSON</a>&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Rich_Text_Format" title="Rich Text Format">RTF</a>&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/TeX" title="TeX">TeX</a>&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/LaTeX" title="LaTeX">LaTeX</a></div>

</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px">
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="navbox-group" style=";;">Lesser-known</td>
<td style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-odd">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Chemical_Markup_Language" title="Chemical Markup Language">CML</a>&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/C-HTML" title="C-HTML">C-HTML</a>&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/ConTeXt" title="ConTeXt">ConTeXt</a>&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Crossmark" title="Crossmark">Crossmark</a>&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Darwin_Information_Typing_Architecture" title="Darwin Information Typing Architecture">DITA</a>&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/DocBook" title="DocBook">DocBook</a>&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/ELML" title="ELML">eLML</a>&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Encoded_Archival_Description" title="Encoded Archival Description">EAD</a>&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Enriched_text" title="Enriched text">Enriched text</a>&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/FHTML" title="FHTML">FHTML</a>&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/IBM_Generalized_Markup_Language" title="IBM Generalized Markup Language">GML</a>&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/GuideML" title="GuideML">GuideML</a>&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Handheld_Device_Markup_Language" title="Handheld Device Markup Language">HDML</a>&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/HyTime" title="HyTime">HyTime</a>&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/w/index.php?title=HyperTeX&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="HyperTeX (page does not exist)">HyperTeX</a>&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Information_Presentation_Facility" title="Information Presentation Facility">IPF</a>&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/LilyPond" title="LilyPond" class="mw-redirect">LilyPond</a>&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/LinuxDoc" title="LinuxDoc">LinuxDoc</a>&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Lout_(software)" title="Lout (software)">Lout</a>&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Maker_Interchange_Format" title="Maker Interchange Format">MIF</a>&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Assistance_Markup_Language" title="Microsoft Assistance Markup Language">MAML</a>&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Music_Encoding_Initiative" title="Music Encoding Initiative">MEI</a>&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/MusicXML" title="MusicXML">MusicXML</a>&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/OMDoc" title="OMDoc">OMDoc</a>&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/OpenMath" title="OpenMath">OpenMath</a>&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Plain_Old_Documentation" title="Plain Old Documentation">POD</a>&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Remote_Telescope_Markup_Language" title="Remote Telescope Markup Language">RTML</a>&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/RTML" title="RTML">RTML</a>&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Revisable-Form_Text" title="Revisable-Form Text">RFT</a>&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/S1000D" title="S1000D">S1000D</a>&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Text_Encoding_Initiative" title="Text Encoding Initiative">TEI</a>&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Texinfo" title="Texinfo">Texinfo</a>&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Troff" title="Troff">troff</a>&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Wikitext" title="Wikitext" class="mw-redirect">Wikitext</a>&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Wireless_Markup_Language" title="Wireless Markup Language">WML</a>&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/WapTV" title="WapTV">WapTV</a>&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Extensible_Application_Markup_Language" title="Extensible Application Markup Language">XAML</a>&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/YAML" title="YAML">YAML</a>&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span> <a href="/wiki/Z_Format" title="Z Format">Z Format</a></div>

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</table>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
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<th style=";" colspan="2" class="navbox-title"><span style="float:left;width:6em;text-align:left;"><span class="noprint plainlinks navbar" style=""><span style="white-space:nowrap;word-spacing:-.12em;"><a href="/wiki/Template:W3C_standards" title="Template:W3C standards"><span style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;font-size:100%;" title="View this template">v</span></a> <span style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;font-size:100%;"><b>·</b></span> <a href="/wiki/Template_talk:W3C_standards" title="Template talk:W3C standards"><span style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;font-size:100%;" title="Discuss this template">d</span></a> <span style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;font-size:100%;"><b>·</b></span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:W3C_standards&amp;action=edit" class="external text" rel="nofollow"><span style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;font-size:100%;" title="Edit this template">e</span></a></span></span></span><span class="" style="font-size:110%;"><a href="/wiki/World_Wide_Web_Consortium" title="World Wide Web Consortium">World Wide Web Consortium</a></span></th>

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<td class="navbox-group" style=";background-color:#e6e6ff;;">Products and<br />
standards</td>
<td style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;line-height:1.4em;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-odd">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div>
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<tr>
<td class="navbox-group" style=";padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;;">
<div style="padding:0em 0.75em;"><a href="/wiki/W3C_recommendation" title="W3C recommendation">Recommendations</a></div>
</td>

<td style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-odd">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Canonical_XML" title="Canonical XML">Canonical XML</a>&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Compound_Document_Format" title="Compound Document Format">CDF</a>&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Cascading_Style_Sheets" title="Cascading Style Sheets">CSS</a>&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Document_Object_Model" title="Document Object Model">DOM</a>&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/W3C_Geolocation_API" title="W3C Geolocation API">Geolocation API</a>&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><strong class="selflink">HTML</strong>&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Internationalization_Tag_Set" title="Internationalization Tag Set">ITS</a>&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/MathML" title="MathML">MathML</a>&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Web_Ontology_Language" title="Web Ontology Language">OWL</a>&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/P3P" title="P3P">P3P</a>&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Pronunciation_Lexicon_Specification" title="Pronunciation Lexicon Specification">PLS</a>&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Resource_Description_Framework" title="Resource Description Framework">RDF</a>&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/RDF_Schema" title="RDF Schema">RDF Schema</a>&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Semantic_Interpretation_for_Speech_Recognition" title="Semantic Interpretation for Speech Recognition">SISR</a>&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Simple_Knowledge_Organization_System" title="Simple Knowledge Organization System">SKOS</a>&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Synchronized_Multimedia_Integration_Language" title="Synchronized Multimedia Integration Language">SMIL</a>&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/SOAP" title="SOAP">SOAP</a>&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Speech_Recognition_Grammar_Specification" title="Speech Recognition Grammar Specification">SRGS</a>&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Speech_Synthesis_Markup_Language" title="Speech Synthesis Markup Language">SSML</a>&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Scalable_Vector_Graphics" title="Scalable Vector Graphics">SVG</a>&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/SPARQL" title="SPARQL">SPARQL</a>&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Timed_Text" title="Timed Text">Timed Text</a>&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/VoiceXML" title="VoiceXML">VoiceXML</a>&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Web_Services_Description_Language" title="Web Services Description Language">WSDL</a>&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/XForms" title="XForms">XForms</a>&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/XHTML" title="XHTML">XHTML</a>&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/XHTML%2BRDFa" title="XHTML+RDFa">XHTML+RDFa</a>&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/XInclude" title="XInclude">XInclude</a>&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/XLink" title="XLink">XLink</a>&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/XML" title="XML">XML</a>&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/XML_Base" title="XML Base">XML Base</a>&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/XML_Encryption" title="XML Encryption">XML Encryption</a>&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/XML_Events" title="XML Events">XML Events</a>&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/XML_Information_Set" title="XML Information Set">XML Information Set</a>&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/XML_namespace" title="XML namespace">XML namespace</a>&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/XML_Schema_(W3C)" title="XML Schema (W3C)">XML Schema</a>&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/XML_Signature" title="XML Signature">XML Signature</a>&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/XPath" title="XPath">XPath</a> <a href="/wiki/XPath_1.0" title="XPath 1.0">1.0</a>, <a href="/wiki/XPath_2.0" title="XPath 2.0">2.0</a>&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/XPointer" title="XPointer">XPointer</a>&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/XProc" title="XProc">XProc</a>&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/XQuery" title="XQuery">XQuery</a>&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Extensible_Stylesheet_Language" title="Extensible Stylesheet Language" class="mw-redirect">XSL</a>&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/XSL_Formatting_Objects" title="XSL Formatting Objects">XSL-FO</a>&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/XSLT" title="XSLT">XSLT</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/XSLT_elements" title="XSLT elements">elements</a>)</small></span></div>

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<div style="padding:0em 0.75em;">Notes</div>
</td>
<td style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-even">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/XAdES" title="XAdES">XAdES</a>&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/XHTML%2BSMIL" title="XHTML+SMIL">XHTML+SMIL</a>&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Extensible_User_Interface_Protocol" title="Extensible User Interface Protocol">XUP</a></span></div>

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<td class="navbox-group" style=";padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;;">
<div style="padding:0em 0.75em;">Working Drafts</div>
</td>
<td style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-odd">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Call_Control_eXtensible_Markup_Language" title="Call Control eXtensible Markup Language">CCXML</a>&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/CURIE" title="CURIE">CURIE</a>&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/HTML5" title="HTML5">HTML5</a>&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/InkML" title="InkML">InkML</a>&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Rule_Interchange_Format" title="Rule Interchange Format">RIF</a>&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/SCXML" title="SCXML">SCXML</a>&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/SMIL_Timesheets" title="SMIL Timesheets">SMIL Timesheets</a>&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/SXBL" title="SXBL">sXBL</a>&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Web_Integration_Compound_Document" title="Web Integration Compound Document">WICD</a>&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Extensible_Forms_Description_Language" title="Extensible Forms Description Language">XFDL</a>&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/XFrames" title="XFrames">XFrames</a>&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/XBL" title="XBL">XBL</a>&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/XHTML%2BMathML%2BSVG" title="XHTML+MathML+SVG">XHTML+MathML+SVG</a>&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/XMLHttpRequest" title="XMLHttpRequest">XMLHttpRequest</a></span></div>

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<td class="navbox-group" style=";padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;;">
<div style="padding:0em 0.75em;">Guidelines</div>
</td>
<td style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-even">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Web_Content_Accessibility_Guidelines" title="Web Content Accessibility Guidelines">Web Content Accessibility Guidelines</a></div>
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<td></td>

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<div style="padding:0em 0.75em;">Initiative</div>
</td>
<td style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-odd">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/W3C_MMI" title="W3C MMI">Multimodal Interaction Activity</a>&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/W3C_Markup_Validation_Service" title="W3C Markup Validation Service">Markup Validation Service</a>&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Web_Accessibility_Initiative" title="Web Accessibility Initiative">Web Accessibility Initiative</a></span></div>
</td>
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<td class="navbox-group" style=";padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;;">
<div style="padding:0em 0.75em;">Deprecated</div>
</td>
<td style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-even">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/C-HTML" title="C-HTML">C-HTML</a>&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Handheld_Device_Markup_Language" title="Handheld Device Markup Language">HDML</a>&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/JavaScript_Style_Sheets" title="JavaScript Style Sheets">JSSS</a>&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Precision_Graphics_Markup_Language" title="Precision Graphics Markup Language">PGML</a>&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Vector_Markup_Language" title="Vector Markup Language">VML</a></span></div>

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</td>
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<td></td>
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<td class="navbox-group" style=";background-color:#e6e6ff;;">Organizations</td>
<td style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;line-height:1.4em;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-even">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/World_Wide_Web_Foundation" title="World Wide Web Foundation">World Wide Web Foundation</a>&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/SVG_Working_Group" title="SVG Working Group">SVG Working Group</a>&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/WebOnt" title="WebOnt">WebOnt</a>&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/W3C_Device_Description_Working_Group" title="W3C Device Description Working Group">W3C Device Description Working Group</a>&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Web_Hypertext_Application_Technology_Working_Group" title="Web Hypertext Application Technology Working Group">WHATWG</a></span></div>

</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px">
<td></td>
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<td class="navbox-group" style=";background-color:#e6e6ff;;">Software</td>
<td style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;line-height:1.4em;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-odd">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Agora_(web_browser)" title="Agora (web browser)">Agora</a>&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Argo_(web_browser)" title="Argo (web browser)">Argo</a>&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Arena_(web_browser)" title="Arena (web browser)">Arena</a>&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Amaya_(web_browser)" title="Amaya (web browser)">Amaya</a>&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/CERN_httpd" title="CERN httpd">CERN httpd</a>&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Libwww" title="Libwww">Libwww</a>&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Line_Mode_Browser" title="Line Mode Browser">Line Mode Browser</a></span></div>

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<td class="navbox-group" style=";background-color:#e6e6ff;;">Conference-related</td>
<td style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;line-height:1.4em;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-even">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/The_International_World_Wide_Web_Conferences_Steering_Committee" title="The International World Wide Web Conferences Steering Committee">IW3C2</a>&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/World_Wide_Web_Conference" title="World Wide Web Conference">World Wide Web Conference</a>&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/World_Wide_Web_Conference_1" title="World Wide Web Conference 1">WWW1</a></span></div>

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</table>
<table class="navbox" cellspacing="0" style=";">
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<td style="padding:2px;">
<table cellspacing="0" class="nowraplinks collapsible collapsed" style="width:100%;background:transparent;color:inherit;;">
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<th style=";" colspan="2" class="navbox-title"><span style="float:left;width:6em;text-align:left;"><span class="noprint plainlinks navbar" style=""><span style="white-space:nowrap;word-spacing:-.12em;"><a href="/wiki/Template:ISO_standards" title="Template:ISO standards"><span style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;font-size:100%;" title="View this template">v</span></a> <span style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;font-size:100%;"><b>·</b></span> <a href="/wiki/Template_talk:ISO_standards" title="Template talk:ISO standards"><span style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;font-size:100%;" title="Discuss this template">d</span></a> <span style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;font-size:100%;"><b>·</b></span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:ISO_standards&amp;action=edit" class="external text" rel="nofollow"><span style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;font-size:100%;" title="Edit this template">e</span></a></span></span></span><span class="" style="font-size:110%;"><a href="/wiki/International_Organization_for_Standardization" title="International Organization for Standardization">ISO</a> standards</span></th>

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<td class="navbox-abovebelow" style=";" colspan="2"><i><u>Lists:</u></i> <a href="/wiki/List_of_International_Organization_for_Standardization_standards" title="List of International Organization for Standardization standards">List of ISO standards</a>&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/List_of_ISO_romanizations" title="List of ISO romanizations">List of ISO romanizations</a>&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/List_of_IEC_standards" title="List of IEC standards">List of IEC standards</a><br />
<i><u>Categories:</u></i> <a href="/wiki/Category:ISO_standards" title="Category:ISO standards">Category:ISO standards</a>&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Category:OSI_protocols" title="Category:OSI protocols">Category:OSI protocols</a></td>

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<td class="navbox-group" style=";;">1<br />
to<br />
9999</td>
<td style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-odd">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/ISO_1" title="ISO 1">1</a>&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/ISO_2" title="ISO 2">2</a>&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/ISO_3" title="ISO 3" class="mw-redirect">3</a>&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/ISO_4" title="ISO 4">4</a>&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/ISO_5" title="ISO 5">5</a>&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/ISO_6" title="ISO 6" class="mw-redirect">6</a>&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/ISO_7" title="ISO 7" class="mw-redirect">7</a>&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/ISO_9" title="ISO 9">9</a>&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/ISO_16" title="ISO 16" class="mw-redirect">16</a>&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/ISO_31" title="ISO 31">31</a> (<a href="/wiki/ISO_31-0" title="ISO 31-0">-0</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISO_31-1" title="ISO 31-1">-1</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISO_31-2" title="ISO 31-2">-2</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISO_31-3" title="ISO 31-3">-3</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISO_31-4" title="ISO 31-4">-4</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISO_31-5" title="ISO 31-5">-5</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISO_31-6" title="ISO 31-6">-6</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISO_31-7" title="ISO 31-7">-7</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISO_31-8" title="ISO 31-8">-8</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISO_31-9" title="ISO 31-9">-9</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISO_31-10" title="ISO 31-10">-10</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISO_31-11" title="ISO 31-11">-11</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISO_31-12" title="ISO 31-12">-12</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISO_31-13" title="ISO 31-13">-13</a>)&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/ISO_128" title="ISO 128">128</a>&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/ISO_216" title="ISO 216">216</a>&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/ISO_217" title="ISO 217">217</a>&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Equal-loudness_contour" title="Equal-loudness contour">226</a>&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/British_standard_pipe_thread" title="British standard pipe thread">228</a>&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/ISO_233" title="ISO 233">233</a>&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/ISO_259" title="ISO 259">259</a>&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Envelope" title="Envelope">269</a>&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Kappa_number" title="Kappa number">302</a>&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Vicat_softening_point" title="Vicat softening point">306</a>&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/ISO_428" title="ISO 428">428</a>&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/ISO_639" title="ISO 639">639</a> (<a href="/wiki/ISO_639-1" title="ISO 639-1">-1</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISO_639-2" title="ISO 639-2">-2</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISO_639-3" title="ISO 639-3">-3</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISO_639-5" title="ISO 639-5">-5</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISO_639-6" title="ISO 639-6">-6</a>)&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_646" title="ISO/IEC 646">646</a>&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/ISO_690" title="ISO 690">690</a>&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/ISO_732" title="ISO 732">732</a>&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Antimagnetic_watch" title="Antimagnetic watch">764</a>&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/ISO_843" title="ISO 843">843</a>&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/ISO_898" title="ISO 898">898</a>&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/ISO_1000" title="ISO 1000">1000</a>&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Magnetic_ink_character_recognition" title="Magnetic ink character recognition">1004</a>&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/135_film" title="135 film">1007</a>&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/OCR-A_font" title="OCR-A font">1073-1</a>&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/ISO_1413" title="ISO 1413" class="mw-redirect">1413</a>&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/ALGOL_60" title="ALGOL 60">1538</a>&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/ISO_1745:1975" title="ISO 1745:1975" class="mw-redirect">1745</a>&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/ISO_2014" title="ISO 2014">2014</a>&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/ISO_2015" title="ISO 2015">2015</a>&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_2022" title="ISO/IEC 2022">2022</a>&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">2108</a>&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/ISO_2145" title="ISO 2145">2145</a>&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/ISO_2146" title="ISO 2146">2146</a>&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Water_Resistant_mark" title="Water Resistant mark">2281</a>&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/ISO_2709" title="ISO 2709">2709</a>&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/ISO_2711" title="ISO 2711">2711</a>&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/ISO_2788" title="ISO 2788">2788</a>&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/126_film" title="126 film">3029</a>&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/ISO_3103" title="ISO 3103">3103</a>&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/ISO_3166" title="ISO 3166">3166</a> (<a href="/wiki/ISO_3166-1" title="ISO 3166-1">-1</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISO_3166-2" title="ISO 3166-2">-2</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISO_3166-3" title="ISO 3166-3">-3</a>)&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" title="International Standard Serial Number">3297</a>&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/ISO_3307" title="ISO 3307">3307</a>&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Kunrei-shiki_romanization" title="Kunrei-shiki romanization">3602</a>&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/ISO_3864" title="ISO 3864">3864</a>&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Recording_Code" title="International Standard Recording Code">3901</a>&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/ISO_3977" title="ISO 3977">3977</a>&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/ISO_4031" title="ISO 4031">4031</a>&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/ISO_4157" title="ISO 4157">4157</a>&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/ISO_4217" title="ISO 4217">4217</a>&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/ISO_5218" title="ISO 5218">5218</a>&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/ISO_5775" title="ISO 5775">5775</a>&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/ISO_5776" title="ISO 5776">5776</a>&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/ISO_5964" title="ISO 5964">5964</a>&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/ISO_6166" title="ISO 6166">6166</a>&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/ISO_6344" title="ISO 6344">6344</a>&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/ISO_6346" title="ISO 6346">6346</a>&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Water_Resistant_mark" title="Water Resistant mark">6425</a>&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/ANSI_escape_code" title="ANSI escape code">6429</a>&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/ISO_6438" title="ISO 6438">6438</a>&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/ISO_6523" title="ISO 6523">6523</a>&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/ISO_6709" title="ISO 6709">6709</a>&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/ISO_7001" title="ISO 7001">7001</a>&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/ISO_7002" title="ISO 7002">7002</a>&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">7098</a>&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Pascal_(programming_language)" title="Pascal (programming language)">7185</a>&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/ISO_7200" title="ISO 7200">7200</a>&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/OSI_model" title="OSI model">7498</a>&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/ISO_7736" title="ISO 7736">7736</a>&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_7810" title="ISO/IEC 7810">7810</a>&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_7811" title="ISO/IEC 7811">7811</a>&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_7812" title="ISO/IEC 7812">7812</a>&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_7813" title="ISO/IEC 7813">7813</a>&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_7816" title="ISO/IEC 7816">7816</a>&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/ISO_8000" title="ISO 8000">8000</a>&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/ISO_8178" title="ISO 8178">8178</a>&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Fuel_oil" title="Fuel oil">8217</a>&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/FTAM" title="FTAM">8571</a>&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/ISO_8583" title="ISO 8583">8583</a>&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/ISO_8601" title="ISO 8601">8601</a>&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Computer_Graphics_Metafile" title="Computer Graphics Metafile">8632</a>&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/ISO_8652" title="ISO 8652" class="mw-redirect">8652</a>&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/ISO_8691" title="ISO 8691">8691</a>&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Language_Of_Temporal_Ordering_Specification" title="Language Of Temporal Ordering Specification">8807</a>&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_8820-5" title="ISO/IEC 8820-5">8820-5</a>&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_8859" title="ISO/IEC 8859">8859</a> (<a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_8859-1" title="ISO/IEC 8859-1">-1</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_8859-2" title="ISO/IEC 8859-2">-2</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_8859-3" title="ISO/IEC 8859-3">-3</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_8859-4" title="ISO/IEC 8859-4">-4</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_8859-5" title="ISO/IEC 8859-5">-5</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_8859-6" title="ISO/IEC 8859-6">-6</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_8859-7" title="ISO/IEC 8859-7">-7</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_8859-8" title="ISO/IEC 8859-8">-8</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_8859-9" title="ISO/IEC 8859-9">-9</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_8859-10" title="ISO/IEC 8859-10">-10</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_8859-11" title="ISO/IEC 8859-11">-11</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_8859-12" title="ISO/IEC 8859-12">-12</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_8859-13" title="ISO/IEC 8859-13">-13</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_8859-14" title="ISO/IEC 8859-14">-14</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_8859-15" title="ISO/IEC 8859-15">-15</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_8859-16" title="ISO/IEC 8859-16">-16</a>)&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Standard_Generalized_Markup_Language" title="Standard Generalized Markup Language">8879</a>&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/ISO_9000" title="ISO 9000">9000</a>&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/SQL" title="SQL">9075</a>&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_9126" title="ISO/IEC 9126">9126</a>&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/ISO_9241" title="ISO 9241">9241</a>&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/ISO_9362" title="ISO 9362">9362</a>&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Shoe_size" title="Shoe size">9407</a>&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Manufacturing_Message_Specification" title="Manufacturing Message Specification">9506</a>&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/ISO_9529" title="ISO 9529">9529</a>&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/ISO_9564" title="ISO 9564">9564</a>&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/X.500" title="X.500">9594</a>&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/ISO_9660" title="ISO 9660">9660</a>&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/ISO_9897" title="ISO 9897">9897</a>&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/POSIX" title="POSIX">9945</a>&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/ISO_9984" title="ISO 9984">9984</a>&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/ISO_9985" title="ISO 9985" class="mw-redirect">9985</a>&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_9995" title="ISO/IEC 9995">9995</a></div>

</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px">
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="navbox-group" style=";;">10000<br />
to<br />
19999</td>
<td style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-even">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/ISO_10006" title="ISO 10006">10006</a>&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Whirlpool_(cryptography)" title="Whirlpool (cryptography)">10118-3</a>&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/ISO_10160" title="ISO 10160">10160</a>&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/ISO_10161" title="ISO 10161">10161</a>&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Guidelines_for_the_Definition_of_Managed_Objects" title="Guidelines for the Definition of Managed Objects">10165</a>&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Document_Style_Semantics_and_Specification_Language" title="Document Style Semantics and Specification Language">10179</a>&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/ISO_10206" title="ISO 10206" class="mw-redirect">10206</a>&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/ISO_10303" title="ISO 10303">10303</a>&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/EXPRESS_(data_modeling_language)" title="EXPRESS (data modeling language)">10303-11</a>&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/ISO_10303-21" title="ISO 10303-21">10303-21</a>&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/ISO_10303-22" title="ISO 10303-22">10303-22</a>&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/STEP-NC" title="STEP-NC">10303-238</a>&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/ISO_10303-28" title="ISO 10303-28">10303-28</a>&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/ISO_10383" title="ISO 10383">10383</a>&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/ISO_10487" title="ISO 10487">10487</a>&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/ArmSCII" title="ArmSCII">10585</a>&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/IS-IS" title="IS-IS">10589</a>&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Universal_Character_Set" title="Universal Character Set">10646</a>&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Torx" title="Torx">10664</a>&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/RM-ODP" title="RM-ODP">10746</a>&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Multibus" title="Multibus">10861</a>&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Music_Number" title="International Standard Music Number">10957</a>&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/ISO_10962" title="ISO 10962">10962</a>&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_10967" title="ISO/IEC 10967">10967</a>&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/ISO/IEEE_11073" title="ISO/IEEE 11073">11073</a>&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/ISO_11170" title="ISO 11170">11170</a>&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_11179" title="ISO/IEC 11179">11179</a>&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_11404" title="ISO/IEC 11404">11404</a>&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/JBIG" title="JBIG">11544</a>&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/ISO_11783" title="ISO 11783">11783</a>&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/ISO_11784" title="ISO 11784" class="mw-redirect">11784</a>&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/ISO_11785" title="ISO 11785" class="mw-redirect">11785</a>&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_11801" title="ISO/IEC 11801">11801</a>&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/ISO_11898" title="ISO 11898">11898</a>&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/ISO_11940" title="ISO 11940">11940</a>&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/ISO/TR_11941" title="ISO/TR 11941">11941</a>&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/ISO/TR_11941" title="ISO/TR 11941">11941 (TR)</a>&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/ISO_11992" title="ISO 11992">11992</a>&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/ISO_12006" title="ISO 12006">12006</a>&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_TR_12182:1998" title="ISO/IEC TR 12182:1998">12182:1998</a>&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/ISO_12207" title="ISO 12207">12207</a>&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Tag_Image_File_Format_/_Electronic_Photography" title="Tag Image File Format / Electronic Photography">12234-2</a>&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Prolog" title="Prolog">13211</a> (<a href="/wiki/Prolog" title="Prolog">-1</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prolog" title="Prolog">-2</a>)&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Isofix" title="Isofix">13216</a>&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Topic_Maps" title="Topic Maps">13250</a>&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/ISO_13399" title="ISO 13399">13399</a>&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/ISO_13406-2" title="ISO 13406-2">13406-2</a>&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/ISO_13407" title="ISO 13407" class="mw-redirect">13407</a>&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/110_film" title="110 film">13450</a>&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/ISO_13485" title="ISO 13485">13485</a>&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/ISO_13490" title="ISO 13490">13490</a>&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/ISO_13567" title="ISO 13567">13567</a>&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Z_notation" title="Z notation">13568</a>&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/ISO_13584" title="ISO 13584">13584</a>&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/International_Bank_Account_Number" title="International Bank Account Number">13616</a>&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/ISO_14000" title="ISO 14000">14000</a>&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/ISO_14031" title="ISO 14031">14031</a>&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Horsepower" title="Horsepower">14396</a>&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_14443" title="ISO/IEC 14443">14443</a>&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/H.264/MPEG-4_AVC" title="H.264/MPEG-4 AVC">14496-10</a>&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/MPEG-4_Part_14" title="MPEG-4 Part 14">14496-14</a>&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/ISO_14644" title="ISO 14644">14644</a> (<a href="/wiki/ISO_14644-1" title="ISO 14644-1">-1</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISO_14644-2" title="ISO 14644-2">-2</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISO_14644-3" title="ISO 14644-3">-3</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISO_14644-4" title="ISO 14644-4">-4</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISO_14644-5" title="ISO 14644-5">-5</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISO_14644-6" title="ISO 14644-6">-6</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISO_14644-7" title="ISO 14644-7">-7</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISO_14644-8" title="ISO 14644-8">-8</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISO_14644-9" title="ISO 14644-9">-9</a>)&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/STEP-NC" title="STEP-NC">14649</a>&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/ISO_14651" title="ISO 14651">14651</a>&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/ISO_14698" title="ISO 14698">14698</a>&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/ISO_14698-2" title="ISO 14698-2">14698-2</a>&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/ISO_14750" title="ISO 14750">14750</a>&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/C%2B%2B" title="C++">14882</a>&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/ISO_14971" title="ISO 14971">14971</a>&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span> <a href="/wiki/ISO_15022" title="ISO 15022">15022</a>&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/ISO_15189" title="ISO 15189">15189</a>&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/ISO_15288" title="ISO 15288">15288</a>&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Ada_Semantic_Interface_Specification" title="Ada Semantic Interface Specification">15291</a>&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/ISO_15292" title="ISO 15292">15292</a>&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Common_Criteria" title="Common Criteria">15408</a>&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/JPEG_2000" title="JPEG 2000">15444</a>&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <strong class="selflink">15445</strong>&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/PDF417" title="PDF417">15438</a>&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_15504" title="ISO/IEC 15504">15504</a>&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span> <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Identifier_for_Libraries_and_Related_Organizations" title="International Standard Identifier for Libraries and Related Organizations">15511</a>&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/ISO_15686" title="ISO 15686">15686</a>&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_15693" title="ISO/IEC 15693">15693</a>&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Audiovisual_Number" title="International Standard Audiovisual Number">15706</a>&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/ISO_15706-2" title="ISO 15706-2">15706-2</a>&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Musical_Work_Code" title="International Standard Musical Work Code">15707</a>&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/ISO_15897" title="ISO 15897">15897</a>&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/ISO_15919" title="ISO 15919">15919</a>&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/ISO_15924" title="ISO 15924">15924</a>&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/ISO_15926" title="ISO 15926">15926</a>&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/ISO_15926_WIP" title="ISO 15926 WIP">15926 WIP</a>&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Portable_Document_Format" title="Portable Document Format">15930</a>&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/MaxiCode" title="MaxiCode">16023</a>&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/ECMAScript" title="ECMAScript">16262</a>&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/ISO_16750" title="ISO 16750">16750</a>&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_17024" title="ISO/IEC 17024">17024</a>&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_17025" title="ISO/IEC 17025">17025</a>&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/SDMX" title="SDMX">17369</a>&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_27002" title="ISO/IEC 27002">17799</a>&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_18000" title="ISO/IEC 18000">18000</a>&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/QR_Code" title="QR Code" class="mw-redirect">18004</a>&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_18014" title="ISO/IEC 18014">18014</a>&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/ISO_18245" title="ISO 18245">18245</a>&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Process_Specification_Language" title="Process Specification Language">18629</a>&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Photographic_Activity_Test" title="Photographic Activity Test">18916</a>&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/PDF/A" title="PDF/A">19005</a>&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/ISO_19011" title="ISO 19011">19011</a>&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/ISO_19092-1" title="ISO 19092-1">19092-1</a>&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/ISO_19092-2" title="ISO 19092-2">19092-2</a>&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/ISO_19114" title="ISO 19114">19114</a>&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/ISO_19115" title="ISO 19115">19115</a>&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Simple_feature_access" title="Simple feature access">19125</a>&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/ISO_19136" title="ISO 19136">19136</a>&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/ISO_19439" title="ISO 19439">19439</a>&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Unified_Modeling_Language" title="Unified Modeling Language">19501:2005</a>&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_19752" title="ISO/IEC 19752">19752</a>&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/RELAX_NG" title="RELAX NG">19757</a>&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/ISO_19770" title="ISO 19770" class="mw-redirect">19770</a>&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/X3D" title="X3D">19775-1</a>&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_19794-5" title="ISO/IEC 19794-5">19794-5</a></div>

</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px">
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="navbox-group" style=";;">20000+</td>
<td style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-odd">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_20000" title="ISO/IEC 20000">20000</a>&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/ISO_20022" title="ISO 20022">20022</a>&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/MPEG-21" title="MPEG-21">21000</a>&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Text_Code" title="International Standard Text Code">21047</a>&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_21827" title="ISO/IEC 21827">21827:2002</a>&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/ISO_22000" title="ISO 22000">22000</a>&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/C_Sharp_(programming_language)" title="C Sharp (programming language)">23270</a>&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Linux_Standard_Base" title="Linux Standard Base">23360</a>&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Lexical_Markup_Framework" title="Lexical Markup Framework">24613</a>&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Common_logic" title="Common logic">24707</a>&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/ISO_25178" title="ISO 25178">25178</a>&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/ISO_26000" title="ISO 26000">26000</a>&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/OpenDocument" title="OpenDocument">26300</a>&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">26324</a>&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_27000-series" title="ISO/IEC 27000-series">27000 series</a>&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_27000" title="ISO/IEC 27000">27000</a>&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_27001" title="ISO/IEC 27001">27001</a>&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_27002" title="ISO/IEC 27002">27002</a>&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_27003" title="ISO/IEC 27003">27003</a>&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_27004" title="ISO/IEC 27004">27004</a>&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_27005" title="ISO/IEC 27005">27005</a>&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_27006" title="ISO/IEC 27006">27006</a>&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_27007" title="ISO/IEC 27007">27007</a>&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Name_Identifier" title="International Standard Name Identifier">27729</a>&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/ISO_27799" title="ISO 27799">27799</a>&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/ISO/PAS_28000" title="ISO/PAS 28000">28000</a>&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/ISO_29110:Software_Life_Cycle_Profiles_and_Guidelines_for_Very_Small_Entities_(VSEs)" title="ISO 29110:Software Life Cycle Profiles and Guidelines for Very Small Entities (VSEs)">29110</a>&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/JPEG_XR" title="JPEG XR">29199-2</a>&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Office_Open_XML" title="Office Open XML">29500</a>&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/ISO_31000" title="ISO 31000">31000</a>&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Portable_Document_Format" title="Portable Document Format">32000</a>&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_38500" title="ISO/IEC 38500">38500</a>&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_42010" title="ISO/IEC 42010">42010</a>&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_80000" title="ISO/IEC 80000">80000</a></div>

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<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="navbox-abovebelow" style=";" colspan="2"><i>See also:</i> <span class="plainlinks"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:PrefixIndex&amp;prefix=ISO&amp;namespace=0" class="external text" rel="nofollow">All articles beginning with "ISO"</a></span></td>
</tr>
</table>
</td>
</tr>
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					<li class="interwiki-co"><a href="http://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTML" title="HTML">Corsu</a></li>

					<li class="interwiki-cy"><a href="http://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTML" title="HTML">Cymraeg</a></li>
					<li class="interwiki-da"><a href="http://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTML" title="HTML">Dansk</a></li>
					<li class="interwiki-de"><a href="http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypertext_Markup_Language" title="Hypertext Markup Language">Deutsch</a></li>
					<li class="interwiki-et"><a href="http://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTML" title="HTML">Eesti</a></li>
					<li class="interwiki-el"><a href="http://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTML" title="HTML">Ελληνικά</a></li>
					<li class="interwiki-es"><a href="http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTML" title="HTML">Español</a></li>

					<li class="interwiki-eo"><a href="http://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTML" title="HTML">Esperanto</a></li>
					<li class="interwiki-eu"><a href="http://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTML" title="HTML">Euskara</a></li>
					<li class="interwiki-fa"><a href="http://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DA%86%E2%80%8C%D8%AA%DB%8C%E2%80%8C%D8%A7%D9%85%E2%80%8C%D8%A7%D9%84" title="اچ‌تی‌ام‌ال">فارسی</a></li>
					<li class="interwiki-fo"><a href="http://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTML" title="HTML">Føroyskt</a></li>
					<li class="interwiki-fr"><a href="http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypertext_Markup_Language" title="Hypertext Markup Language">Français</a></li>
					<li class="interwiki-fy"><a href="http://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTML" title="HTML">Frysk</a></li>

					<li class="interwiki-fur"><a href="http://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTML" title="HTML">Furlan</a></li>
					<li class="interwiki-ga"><a href="http://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTML" title="HTML">Gaeilge</a></li>
					<li class="interwiki-gl"><a href="http://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTML" title="HTML">Galego</a></li>
					<li class="interwiki-ko"><a href="http://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTML" title="HTML">한국어</a></li>
					<li class="interwiki-hy"><a href="http://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B7%D5%B5%D5%B9%D4%B9%D5%AB%D4%B7%D5%B4%D4%B7%D5%AC" title="ԷյչԹիԷմԷլ">Հայերեն</a></li>
					<li class="interwiki-hi"><a href="http://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%9A.%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%80.%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%AE.%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%B2." title="एच.टी.एम.एल.">हिन्दी</a></li>

					<li class="interwiki-hsb"><a href="http://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTML" title="HTML">Hornjoserbsce</a></li>
					<li class="interwiki-hr"><a href="http://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTML" title="HTML">Hrvatski</a></li>
					<li class="interwiki-id"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/HyperText_markup_language" title="HyperText markup language">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li>
					<li class="interwiki-ia"><a href="http://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTML" title="HTML">Interlingua</a></li>
					<li class="interwiki-is"><a href="http://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTML" title="HTML">Íslenska</a></li>
					<li class="interwiki-it"><a href="http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTML" title="HTML">Italiano</a></li>

					<li class="interwiki-he"><a href="http://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTML" title="HTML">עברית</a></li>
					<li class="interwiki-jv"><a href="http://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypertext_markup_language" title="Hypertext markup language">Basa Jawa</a></li>
					<li class="interwiki-ka"><a href="http://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%B0%E1%83%98%E1%83%9E%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A2%E1%83%94%E1%83%A5%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98_%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%99%E1%83%98%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90" title="ჰიპერტექსტური მარკირების ენა">ქართული</a></li>
					<li class="interwiki-kk"><a href="http://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTML" title="HTML">Қазақша</a></li>
					<li class="interwiki-sw"><a href="http://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTML" title="HTML">Kiswahili</a></li>
					<li class="interwiki-ku"><a href="http://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTML" title="HTML">Kurdî</a></li>

					<li class="interwiki-ltg"><a href="http://ltg.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTML" title="HTML">Latgaļu</a></li>
					<li class="interwiki-lv"><a href="http://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTML" title="HTML">Latviešu</a></li>
					<li class="interwiki-lb"><a href="http://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypertext_Markup_Language" title="Hypertext Markup Language">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li>
					<li class="interwiki-lt"><a href="http://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTML" title="HTML">Lietuvių</a></li>
					<li class="interwiki-lmo"><a href="http://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTML" title="HTML">Lumbaart</a></li>
					<li class="interwiki-hu"><a href="http://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTML" title="HTML">Magyar</a></li>

					<li class="interwiki-mk"><a href="http://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTML" title="HTML">Македонски</a></li>
					<li class="interwiki-ml"><a href="http://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%8E%E0%B4%9A%E0%B5%8D.%E0%B4%9F%E0%B4%BF.%E0%B4%8E%E0%B4%82.%E0%B4%8E%E0%B5%BD." title="എച്.ടി.എം.എൽ.">മലയാളം</a></li>
					<li class="interwiki-mr"><a href="http://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%9A.%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%80.%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%AE.%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%B2." title="एच.टी.एम.एल.">मराठी</a></li>
					<li class="interwiki-ms"><a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTML" title="HTML">Bahasa Melayu</a></li>
					<li class="interwiki-mn"><a href="http://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTML" title="HTML">Монгол</a></li>
					<li class="interwiki-nl"><a href="http://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/HyperText_Markup_Language" title="HyperText Markup Language">Nederlands</a></li>

					<li class="interwiki-new"><a href="http://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%9A_%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D_%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D" title="एच टी एम् एल्">नेपाल भाषा</a></li>
					<li class="interwiki-ja"><a href="http://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/HyperText_Markup_Language" title="HyperText Markup Language">日本語</a></li>
					<li class="interwiki-no"><a href="http://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTML" title="HTML">‪Norsk (bokmål)‬</a></li>
					<li class="interwiki-nn"><a href="http://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTML" title="HTML">‪Norsk (nynorsk)‬</a></li>
					<li class="interwiki-mhr"><a href="http://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTML" title="HTML">Олык Марий</a></li>
					<li class="interwiki-uz"><a href="http://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTML" title="HTML">O'zbek</a></li>

					<li class="interwiki-km"><a href="http://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTML" title="HTML">ភាសាខ្មែរ</a></li>
					<li class="interwiki-pl"><a href="http://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTML" title="HTML">Polski</a></li>
					<li class="interwiki-pt"><a href="http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTML" title="HTML">Português</a></li>
					<li class="interwiki-kaa"><a href="http://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTML" title="HTML">Qaraqalpaqsha</a></li>
					<li class="interwiki-ro"><a href="http://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/HyperText_Markup_Language" title="HyperText Markup Language">Română</a></li>
					<li class="interwiki-ru"><a href="http://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTML" title="HTML">Русский</a></li>

					<li class="interwiki-sq"><a href="http://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTML" title="HTML">Shqip</a></li>
					<li class="interwiki-simple"><a href="http://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTML" title="HTML">Simple English</a></li>
					<li class="interwiki-sk"><a href="http://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypertext_markup_language" title="Hypertext markup language">Slovenčina</a></li>
					<li class="interwiki-sl"><a href="http://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTML" title="HTML">Slovenščina</a></li>
					<li class="interwiki-so"><a href="http://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTML" title="HTML">Soomaaliga</a></li>
					<li class="interwiki-sr"><a href="http://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTML" title="HTML">Српски / Srpski</a></li>

					<li class="interwiki-sh"><a href="http://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTML" title="HTML">Srpskohrvatski / Српскохрватски</a></li>
					<li class="interwiki-fi"><a href="http://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTML" title="HTML">Suomi</a></li>
					<li class="interwiki-sv"><a href="http://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTML" title="HTML">Svenska</a></li>
					<li class="interwiki-tl"><a href="http://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTML" title="HTML">Tagalog</a></li>
					<li class="interwiki-ta"><a href="http://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%8E%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%8D.%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BF.%E0%AE%8E%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D.%E0%AE%8E%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D" title="எச்.டி.எம்.எல்">தமிழ்</a></li>
					<li class="interwiki-te"><a href="http://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTML" title="HTML">తెలుగు</a></li>

					<li class="interwiki-th"><a href="http://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AD%E0%B9%87%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A5" title="เอชทีเอ็มแอล">ไทย</a></li>
					<li class="interwiki-tg"><a href="http://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTML" title="HTML">Тоҷикӣ</a></li>
					<li class="interwiki-tr"><a href="http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTML" title="HTML">Türkçe</a></li>
					<li class="interwiki-uk"><a href="http://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTML" title="HTML">Українська</a></li>
					<li class="interwiki-ur"><a href="http://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A7%DB%93%D9%85%D8%AA%D9%86_%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%AA%D8%AF%D9%88%DB%8C%D9%86" title="وراۓمتن زبان تدوین">اردو</a></li>
					<li class="interwiki-vi"><a href="http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTML" title="HTML">Tiếng Việt</a></li>

					<li class="interwiki-yi"><a href="http://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTML" title="HTML">ייִדיש</a></li>
					<li class="interwiki-yo"><a href="http://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTML" title="HTML">Yorùbá</a></li>
					<li class="interwiki-zh-yue"><a href="http://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/Html" title="Html">粵語</a></li>
					<li class="interwiki-bat-smg"><a href="http://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTML" title="HTML">Žemaitėška</a></li>
					<li class="interwiki-zh"><a href="http://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTML" title="HTML">中文</a></li>
				</ul>

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